Sex as a Key Determinant of Peripheral Artery Disease: Epidemiology, Differential Outcomes, and Proposed Biological Mechanisms

Canadian Journal of Cardiology - Tập 38 - Trang 601-611 - 2022
Amanda Morrison1, Aaron W. Aday2
1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
2Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Gerhard-Herman, 2017, 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, Circulation, 135, e726 Aday, 2021, Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease and polyvascular disease, Circ Res, 128, 1818, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318535 Gutierrez, 2019, Polyvascular disease: reappraisal of the current clinical landscape, Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 12, 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.007385 Song, 2019, Global, regional, and national prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2015: an updated systematic review and analysis, Lancet Glob Health, 7, e1020, 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30255-4 Allison, 2007, Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States, Am J Prev Med, 32, 328, 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.12.010 Bauersachs, 2019, Burden of coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease: a literature review, Cardiovasc Ther, 2019, 8295054, 10.1155/2019/8295054 Pradhan, 2020, The big MAC attack on peripheral artery disease, Circulation, 141, 1211, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045627 Man, 2020, Sex as a biological variable in atherosclerosis, Circ Res, 126, 1297, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.315930 Rossi, 2016, Let's talk about sex...and gender!, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 9, S100, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.002660 Sigvant, 2007, A population-based study of peripheral arterial disease prevalence with special focus on critical limb ischemia and sex differences, J Vasc Surg, 45, 1185, 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.004 Hirsch, 2001, Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care, JAMA, 286, 1317, 10.1001/jama.286.11.1317 Brevetti, 2008, Women and peripheral arterial disease: same disease, different issues, J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown), 9, 382, 10.2459/JCM.0b013e3282f03b90 McDermott, 2000, Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is independently associated with impaired lower extremity functioning: the women's health and aging study, Circulation, 101, 1007, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.9.1007 Tomczyk, 2009, Claudication symptom experience in men and women: is there a difference?, J Vasc Nurs, 27, 92 Oka, 2003, Gender differences in perception of PAD: a pilot study, Vasc Med, 8, 89, 10.1191/1358863x03vm479oa Stoffers, 1996, The prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Int J Epidemiol, 25, 282, 10.1093/ije/25.2.282 Wang, 2005, Exertional leg pain in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease, Circulation, 112, 3501, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548099 Jensen, 2003, The prevalence of intermittent claudication. Sex-related differences have been eliminated, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 25, 209, 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1836 Haine, 2020, Sex-specific risks of major cardiovascular and limb events in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 75, 608, 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.057 Feinglass, 1994, Gender differences in interventional management of peripheral vascular disease: evidence from a blood flow laboratory population, Ann Vasc Surg, 8, 343, 10.1007/BF02132995 McDermott, 2001, Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease: associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment, JAMA, 286, 1599, 10.1001/jama.286.13.1599 Collins, 2006, Gender and peripheral arterial disease, J Am Board Fam Med, 19, 132, 10.3122/jabfm.19.2.132 McDermott, 2003, Sex differences in peripheral arterial disease: leg symptoms and physical functioning, J Am Geriatr Soc, 51, 222, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51061.x McDermott, 2011, Women with peripheral arterial disease experience faster functional decline than men with peripheral arterial disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 707, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.042 Gardner, 2010, Gender differences in daily ambulatory activity patterns in patients with intermittent claudication, J Vasc Surg, 52, 1204, 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.115 Aboyans, 2012, Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 126, 2890, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb Hiatt, 1995, Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease: the San Luis Valley Diabetes study, Circulation, 91, 1472, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.5.1472 Smith, 2003, Changes in ankle brachial index in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects in the general population, J Vasc Surg, 38, 1323, 10.1016/S0741-5214(03)01021-8 Aboyans, 2007, Intrinsic contribution of gender and ethnicity to normal ankle-brachial index values: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), J Vasc Surg, 45, 319, 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.10.032 Hiramoto, 2014, Gender-specific risk factors for peripheral artery disease in a voluntary screening population, J Am Heart Assoc, 3 Allison, 2008, A high ankle-brachial index is associated with increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and lower quality of life, J Am Coll Cardiol, 51, 1292, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.064 London, 1995, Influence of sex on arterial hemodynamics and blood pressure: role of body height, Hypertension, 26, 514, 10.1161/01.HYP.26.3.514 Newman, 1993, Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study: Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group, Circulation, 88, 837, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.3.837 Murabito, 1997, Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from The Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, 96, 44, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.44 Meijer, 1998, Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 18, 185, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.2.185 Allison, 2006, The effect of novel cardiovascular risk factors on the ethnic-specific odds for peripheral arterial disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), J Am Coll Cardiol, 48, 1190, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.049 Whiteman, 1997, Submissiveness and protection from coronary heart disease in the general population: Edinburgh Artery Study, Lancet, 350, 541, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03141-8 Hooi, 2001, Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a longitudinal study, Am J Epidemiol, 153, 666, 10.1093/aje/153.7.666 Selvin, 2004, Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000, Circulation, 110, 738, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000137913.26087.F0 Criqui, 2005, Ethnicity and peripheral arterial disease: the San Diego Population Study, Circulation, 112, 2703, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.546507 Kannel, 1985, Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: the Framingham Study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 33, 13, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb02853.x Murabito, 2002, Prevalence and clinical correlates of peripheral arterial disease in the Framingham Offspring Study, Am Heart J, 143, 961, 10.1067/mhj.2002.122871 Fowkes, 1992, Smoking, lipids, glucose intolerance, and blood pressure as risk factors for peripheral atherosclerosis compared with ischemic heart disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study, Am J Epidemiol, 135, 331, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116294 McDermott, 2005, Ankle-brachial index and subclinical cardiac and carotid disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Am J Epidemiol, 162, 33, 10.1093/aje/kwi167 Eraso, 2014, Peripheral arterial disease, prevalence and cumulative risk factor profile analysis, Eur J Prev Cardiol, 21, 704, 10.1177/2047487312452968 Jacob-Brassard, 2021, Temporal trends in hospitalization for lower extremity peripheral artery disease in Ontario: the importance of diabetes, Can J Cardiol, 37, 1507, 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.07.004 Hackam, 2021, The peripheral arterial disease pandemic: no let-up in sight, Can J Cardiol, 37, 1496, 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.07.007 Matsushita, 2019, Lifetime risk of lower-extremity peripheral artery disease defined by ankle-brachial index in the United States, J Am Heart Assoc, 8 Kullo, 2003, Ethnic differences in peripheral arterial disease in the NHLBI Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study, Vasc Med, 8, 237, 10.1191/1358863x03vm511oa Vogt, 1993, Prevalence and correlates of lower extremity arterial disease in elderly women, Am J Epidemiol, 137, 559, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116709 Ostchega, 2007, Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors in persons aged 60 and older: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004, J Am Geriatr Soc, 55, 583, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01123.x Colantonio, 2020, Atherosclerotic risk and statin use among patients with peripheral artery disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 76, 251, 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.048 Paquet, 2010, Protective vascular treatment of patients with peripheral arterial disease: guideline adherence according to year, age and gender, Can J Public Health, 101, 96, 10.1007/BF03405572 Sigvant, 2009, Risk factor profiles and use of cardiovascular drug prevention in women and men with peripheral arterial disease, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 16, 39, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e32831c1383 Saxon, 2020, Adherence to guideline-recommended therapy-including supervised exercise therapy referral-across peripheral artery disease specialty clinics: insights from the international PORTRAIT registry, J Am Heart Assoc, 9 Altin, 2020, Predictors of underutilization of medical therapy in patients undergoing endovascular revascularization for peripheral artery disease, JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 13, 2911, 10.1016/j.jcin.2020.08.036 Singh, 2020, Discharge prescription patterns for antiplatelet therapy following lower extremity peripheral vascular intervention, Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 13, 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.008791 Treat-Jacobson, 2019, Implementation of supervised exercise therapy for patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 140, e700, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000727 Divakaran, 2021, Supervised exercise therapy for symptomatic peripheral artery disease among Medicare beneficiaries between 2017 and 2018: participation rates and outcomes, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 14, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.121.007953 Treat-Jacobson, 2019, Optimal exercise programs for patients with peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 139, e10, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000623 Egorova, 2010, Analysis of gender-related differences in lower extremity peripheral arterial disease, J Vasc Surg, 51, 372, 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.09.006 Hussain, 2016, Sex differences in the outcomes of peripheral arterial disease: a population-based cohort study, CMAJ Open, 4, E124, 10.9778/cmajo.20150107 McGinigle, 2021, Sex-related disparities in intervention rates and type of intervention in patients with aortic and peripheral arterial diseases in the National Inpatient Sample Database, J Vasc Surg, 73, 2081, 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.11.034 Lo, 2014, Presentation, treatment, and outcome differences between men and women undergoing revascularization or amputation for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease, J Vasc Surg, 59, 409, 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.07.114 Freisinger, 2018, Low rate of revascularization procedures and poor prognosis particularly in male patients with peripheral artery disease: a propensity score matched analysis, Int J Cardiol, 255, 188, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.054 Lefebvre, 2015, The persistence of gender and racial disparities in vascular lower extremity amputation: an examination of HCUP-NIS data (2002-2011), Vasc Med, 20, 51, 10.1177/1358863X14565373 Choi, 2019, Sex differences in outcomes following endovascular treatment for symptomatic peripheral artery disease: an analysis from the K-VIS ELLA registry, J Am Heart Assoc, 8 Dreyer, 2014, Gender differences in health status and adverse outcomes among patients with peripheral arterial disease, J Am Heart Assoc, 4 Alsaigh, 2021, Bench-to-bedside in vascular medicine: optimizing the translational pipeline for patients with peripheral artery disease, Circ Res, 128, 1927, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318265 Krishna, 2016, Evaluation of the clinical relevance and limitations of current pre-clinical models of peripheral artery disease, Clin Sci (Lond), 130, 127, 10.1042/CS20150435 Hamm, 1983, Effects of gender and social behavior on the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis in cynomolgus macaques, Atherosclerosis, 48, 221, 10.1016/0021-9150(83)90040-0 Adams, 1985, Ovariectomy, social status, and atherosclerosis in cynomolgus monkeys, Arteriosclerosis, 5, 192, 10.1161/01.ATV.5.2.192 Adams, 1987, Pregnancy-associated inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis in monkeys: evidence of a relationship with endogenous estrogen, Arteriosclerosis, 7, 378, 10.1161/01.ATV.7.4.378 Adams, 1990, Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys: lack of an effect of added progesterone, Arteriosclerosis, 10, 1051, 10.1161/01.ATV.10.6.1051 Miyoshi, 2010, Novel microminipig model of atherosclerosis by high fat and high cholesterol diet, established in Japan, Vivo, 24, 671 Al-Mashhadi, 2013, Familial hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in cloned minipigs created by DNA transposition of a human PCSK9 gain-of-function mutant, Sci Transl Med, 5, 1, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004853 Douglas, 2018, Roles for endothelial cell and macrophage Gch1 and tetrahydrobiopterin in atherosclerosis progression, Cardiovasc Res, 114, 1385, 10.1093/cvr/cvy078 Samokhin, 2010, Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin S decreases atherosclerotic lesions in Apoe-/- mice, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 56, 98, 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181e23e10 de Bakker, 2020, The age- and sex-specific composition of atherosclerotic plaques in vascular surgery patients, Atherosclerosis, 310, 1, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.016 Okura, 2010, Incidence and predictors of plaque rupture in the peripheral arteries, Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 3, 63, 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.900779 Narula, 2018, Pathology of peripheral artery disease in patients with critical limb ischemia, J Am Coll Cardiol, 72, 2152, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.002 Naghavi, 2003, From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I, Circulation, 108, 1664, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000087480.94275.97 Libby, 2019, Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 5, 56, 10.1038/s41572-019-0106-z Kaneko, 2013, Determinants of extraaortic arterial 18F-FDG accumulation in asymptomatic cohorts: sex differences in the association with cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery stenosis, J Nucl Med, 54, 564, 10.2967/jnumed.112.111930 Ridker, 2001, Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease, JAMA, 285, 2481, 10.1001/jama.285.19.2481 Pradhan, 2008, Symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in women: nontraditional biomarkers of elevated risk, Circulation, 117, 823, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.719369 Ding, 2020, Fibrosis and inflammatory markers and long-term risk of peripheral artery disease: the ARIC study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 40, 2322, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314824 Kremers, 2020, Plasma biomarkers to predict cardiovascular outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 40, 2018, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314774 Varlamov, 2014, Sex-specific differences in lipid and glucose metabolism, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 5, 241 Wang, 2011, Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it's not just about sex hormones, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, 885, 10.1210/jc.2010-2061 Aday, 2018, Lipoprotein particle profiles, standard lipids, and peripheral artery disease incidence, Circulation, 138, 2330, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035432 Zheng, 2005, Lower extremity arterial disease assessed by ankle-brachial index in a middle-aged population of African Americans and whites: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, Am J Prev Med, 29, 42, 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.07.019 Blais, 2020, Complex Evolution of epidemiology of vascular diseases, including increased disease burden: from 2000 to 2015, Can J Cardiol, 36, 740, 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.10.021 Farber, 2014, The BEST-CLI trial: a multidisciplinary effort to assess which therapy is best for patients with critical limb ischemia, Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 17, 221, 10.1053/j.tvir.2014.08.012