Serological and virological survey of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in animal reservoirs from Uruguay reveals elevated prevalences and a very close phylogenetic relationship between swine and human strains

Adlhoch, 2009, High HEV presence in four different wild boar populations in East and West Germany, Vet. Microbiol., 18, 139270 Aggarwal, 2016, Hepatitis E virus infection in the liver transplant recipients: clinical presentation and management, World J. Hepatol., 8, 117, 10.4254/wjh.v8.i2.117 Arankalle, 2006, Type-IV Indian swine HEV infects rhesus monkeys, J. Viral Hepat., 11, 742, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00759.x Aspinall, 2017, Hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: surveillance and descriptive epidemiology of confirmed cases, 2005 to 2015, Euro Surveill., 22, 30561, 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.26.30561 Backer, 2012, Transmission dynamics of hepatitis E virus in pigs: estimation from field data and effect of vaccination, Epidemics, 4, 86, 10.1016/j.epidem.2012.02.002 Bouquet, 2012, Genetic characterization and codon usage bias of full-length Hepatitis E virus sequences shed new lights on genotypic distribution, host restriction and genome evolution, Infect. Genet. Evol., 2, 1842, 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.021 Christensen, 2008, Time trend of the prevalence of hepatitis e antibodies among farmers and blood donors: a potential zoonosis in Denmark, Clin. Inf. Dis., 47, 1026, 10.1086/591970 Clemente-Casares, 2016, Hepatitis e virus in industrialized countries: the silent threat, Biomed. Res. Int, 9838041 Cooper, 2005, Identification of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) in serum and fecal samples from pigs in Thailand and Mexico, where genotype 1 and 2 HEV strains are prevalent in the respective human populations, J. Clin. Microbiol., 43, 1684, 10.1128/JCM.43.4.1684-1688.2005 Cruells, 1997, Epidemiological study of hepatitis A and E viruses in different populations in Uruguay, Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 20, 295 DICOSE Declaración Jurada, 2015 Dalton, 2013, Hepatitis E, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 26, 471, 10.1097/01.qco.0000433308.83029.97 Dell’Amico, 2011, Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in humans and swine, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 17, 1488 Di Bartolo, 2011, Viral and antibody HEV prevalence in swine at slaughterhouse in Italy, Vet. Microbiol., 149, 330, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.007 Doceul, 2016, Zoonotic hepatitis e virus: classification: animal reservoirs and transmission routes, Viruses, 8, 270, 10.3390/v8100270 Donnelly, 2017, Simpson KJ. Review article: hepatitis E-a concise review of virology, epidemiology, clinical presentation and therapy, Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 46, 126, 10.1111/apt.14109 Dremsek, 2013, Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence of domestic pigs in Germany determined by a novel in-house and two reference ELISAs, J. Virol. Methods, 190, 11, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.03.010 Echevarría, 2013, Hepatitis E virus infection in Latin America. A review, J. Med. Virol., 85, 1037, 10.1002/jmv.23526 Emerson, 2006, Hepatitis E virus, 3047 Fierro, 2016, Hepatitis E virus: an ancient hidden enemy in Latin America, World. J. Gastroenterol., 22, 2271, 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2271 Garcia, 2011, Genetic characterization and phylogeography of the wild boar Sus scrofa introduced into Uruguay, Genet. Mol. Biol., 34, 329, 10.1590/S1415-47572011005000015 Gardinali, 2012, Hepatitis E virus in liver and bile samples from slaughtered pigs of Brazil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 107, 935, 10.1590/S0074-02762012000700016 Grierson, 2015, Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs at the time of slaughter, United Kingdom, 2013, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21, 1396, 10.3201/eid2108.141995 Jothikumar, 2006, A broadly reactive one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis E virus, J. Virol. Methods, 131, 65, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.07.004 Kase, 2008, Isolation, detection and characterization of swine Hepatitis E virus from herds in Costa Rica, Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 18, 165, 10.1080/09603120701498311 Khuroo, 1991, Hepatitis E the enterically transmitted non A, non B hepatitis, Indian J. Gastroenterol., 10, 96 Kumar, 2012, Hepatitis E virus: the current scenario, J. Infect. Dis., 17, 228 Lee, 2016, Chronic infection with camelid hepatitis E virus in a liver transplant recipient who regularly consumes camel meat and milk, Gastroenterology, 150, 35, 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.10.048 Lewis, 2010, Transmission routes and risk factors for autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in Europe: a systematic review, Epidemiol. Infect., 138, 145, 10.1017/S0950268809990847 Lu, 2006, Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis, Rev. Med. Virol., 16, 5, 10.1002/rmv.482 Meng, 2003, Swine hepatitis E virus: cross-species infection and risk in xenotransplantation, 185 Meng, 2010, Hepatitis E virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk, Vet. Microbiol., 140, 256, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.017 Meng, 2016, Expanding host range and cross-species infection of hepatitis E virus, PLoS Pathog., 12, e1005695, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005695 Mirazo, 2011, Detection and molecular characterization of sporadic cases of acute human hepatitis E virus infection in Uruguay, Arch. Virol., 156, 1451, 10.1007/s00705-011-0991-2 Mirazo, 2013, Genetic heterogeneity and subtyping of human hepatitis E virus isolates from Uruguay, Virus Res., 173, 364, 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.01.005 Mirazo, 2014, Transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis E: an update, Hepat. Med., 6, 45, 10.2147/HMER.S63417 Mirazo, 2014, Indigenous hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection, Uruguay, Emerg. Infect Dis., 20, 171, 10.3201/eid2001.131471 Mirazo, 2016, New insights into the hepatitis E virus genotype 3 phylodynamics and evolutionary history, Infect. Genet. Evol., 43, 267, 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.003 Miyashita, 2012, Three cases of acute or fulminant hepatitis E caused by ingestion of pork meat and entrails in Hokkaido, Japan: zoonotic food-borne transmission of hepatitis E virus and public health concerns, Hepatol. Res., 42, 870, 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2012.01006.x Munné, 2006, Molecular characterization of hepatitis E virus in three acute liver failure cases in children in Argentina, Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam., 36, 125 Paiva, 2007, Molecular characterization of swine hepatitis E virus from Southeastern Brazil, Braz. J. Microbiol., 38, 693, 10.1590/S1517-83822007000400020 Patra, 2007, Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E virus infection, Ann. Intern. Med., 1, 28, 10.7326/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00005 Pavio, 2015, Zoonotic origin of hepatitis E, Curr. Opin. Virol., 10, 34, 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.006 Rein, 2012, The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005, Hepatology, 55, 988, 10.1002/hep.25505 Ricci, 2017, Scientific Opinion on the public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen, EFSA J., 15, 4886 Rivero-Juarez, 2017, Familial hepatitis E outbreak linked to wild boar meat consumption, Zoonoses Public Health, 64, 561, 10.1111/zph.12343 Salines, 2017, From the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the swine reservoir to public health risk mitigation strategies: a comprehensive review, Vet. Res., 48, 31, 10.1186/s13567-017-0436-3 Sato, 2011, A nationwide survey of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars in Japan: identification of boar HEV strains of genotypes 3 and 4 and unrecognized genotypes, Arch. Virol., 156, 1345, 10.1007/s00705-011-0988-x Schielke, 2009, Detection of hepatitis E virus in wild boars of rural and urban regions in Germany and whole genome characterization of an endemic strain, Virol J. May, 14, 58, 10.1186/1743-422X-6-58 Silva-Benítez, 2015, Quantification of DNA in urinary porcine bladder matrix using the ACTB gene, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim., 51, 1040, 10.1007/s11626-015-9927-6 Slot, 2017, Meat consumption is a major risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection, PLoS One, 12, e0176414, 10.1371/journal.pone.0176414 Smith, 2014, Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae, J. Gen. Virol., 95, 2223, 10.1099/vir.0.068429-0 Smith, 2016, Proposed reference sequences for hepatitis E virus subtypes, J. Gen. Virol., 97, 537, 10.1099/jgv.0.000393 Sridhar, 2017, Hepatitis E virus genotypes and evolution: emergence of camel hepatitis e variants, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18, 1, 10.3390/ijms18040869 Szabo, 2015, Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA in raw sausages and liver sausages from retail in Germany using an optimized method, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 215, 149, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.09.013 Takahashi, 2011, Analysis of the full-length genome of a hepatitis E virus isolate obtained from a wild boar in Japan that is classifiable into a novel genotype, J. Gen. Virol., 92, 902, 10.1099/vir.0.029470-0 Thiry, 2017, Belgian wildlife as potential zoonotic reservoir of hepatitis E virus, Transbound Emerg. Dis., 64, 764, 10.1111/tbed.12435 Thiry, 2017, Susceptibility of pigs to zoonotic hepatitis E virus genotype 3 isolated from a wild boar, Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 64, 1589, 10.1111/tbed.12550 Vitral, 2005, Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in different animal species from the Southeast of Brazil, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 100, 117, 10.1590/S0074-02762005000200003 Wibawa, 2004, Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus among apparently healthy humans and pigs in Bali, Indonesia: identification of a pig infected with a genotype 4 hepatitis E virus, J. Med. Virol., 73, 38, 10.1002/jmv.20059 Zhang, 2011, Differences in capabilities of different enzyme immunoassays to detect anti-hepatitis E virus immunoglobulin G in pigs infected experimentally with hepatitis E virus genotype 3 or 4 and in pigs with unknown exposure, J. Virol. Methods, 175, 156, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.05.001 dos Santos, 2009, Serological and molecular evidence of hepatitis E virus in swine in Brazil, Vet. J., 182, 474, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.001