Sepsis

Bone RC, Fisher CJ Jr, Clemmer TP, Slotman GJ, Metz CA, Balk RA, The Methylprednisolone Severe Sepsis Study Group (1987) A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 317: 652–658

The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group (1987) The effect of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 317: 659–665

Bone RC (1991) Let's agree on terminology: Definition of sepsis. Crit Care Med 19: 973–976

Members of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference Committee (1992) Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 20: 864–874

Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G, for the International Sepsis Definitions Conference (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31: 1250–1256

Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348: 1546–1554

Wenzel RP (2002) Treating sepsis. N Engl J Med 347: 966–967

Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE (2003) The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med 348: 138–150

Bochud PY, Calandra T (2003) Pathogenesis of sepsis: new concepts and implications for future treatment. BMJ 326: 262–266

Annane D, Bellissant E, Cavaillon JM (2005) Septic shock. Lancet 365: 63–78

Adams HA, et al (2005) Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie der Schockformen der IAG Schock der DIVI Teil 5: Septischer Schock. Intensivmed 42: 531–543

Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM, Ramsay G, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL, Levy MM (2004) Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 32: 858–873

Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Perez-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leyba C (2003) Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med 31: 2742–2751

Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M, Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345: 1368–1377

[No authors listed] (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The ARDS Network. N Engl J Med 342: 1301–1308

Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr, Recombinant human protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis (PROWESS) study group (2001) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344: 699–709

Abraham E, Laterre PF, Garg R, Levy H, Talwar D, Trzaskoma BL, Francois B, Guy JS, Bruckmann M, Rea-Neto A, Rossaint R, Perrotin D, Sablotzki A, Arkins N, Utterback BG, Macias WL, Administration of Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis (ADDRESS) Study Group (2005) Drotrecogin alfa (activated) for adults with severe sepsis and a low risk of death. N Engl J Med 353: 1332–1341

Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert PE, Francois B, Korach JM, Capellier G, Cohen Y, Azoulay E, Troche G, Chaumet-Riffaut P, Bellissant E (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288: 862–871

Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345: 1359–1367

Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Meersseman W, Wouters PJ, Milants I, Van Wijngaerden E, Bobbaers H, Bouillon R (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354: 449–461

Rueden H, Gastmeier P, Wischnewski N, Kampf G, Hauer T, Schlingmann J, Schumacher M, Daschner F (1997) Ergebnisse der NIDEP Studie. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 40/6: 183–204

Nationales Referenzzentrum für Surveillance von nosokomialen Infektionen (NRZ) (2006) Referenzdaten Kiss, Modul IST-KISS. www.nrz-hygiene.de

RKI (2004) Epidemiologisches Bulletin 41

Pittet D, Wenzel RP (1995) Nosocomial bloodstream infections. Arch Intern Med 155: 1177–1184

www.cdc.gov , www.nrz-hygiene.de

Bregenzer T, Widmer AF, Conen D (1995) Routine replacement of peripheral catheters is not necessary: a prospective study. Can J Infect Dis 6 [Suppl C]: 247 (Abstract)

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) (2002) Vol 51/RR10: 16–18

Haley RW, Quade D, Freeman HE, Bennett JV (1980) The SENIC Project. Study on the efficacy of nosocomial infection control (SENIC Project). Summary of study design. Am J Epidemiol 111: 472–485