Sensitive attitudes and adherence to recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparing direct and indirect questioning techniques

Arslan, 2020, formr: A study framework allowing for automated feedback generation and complex longitudinal experience-sampling studies using R, Behavior Research Methods, 52, 376, 10.3758/s13428-019-01236-y Ashton, 2007, Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 150, 10.1177/1088868306294907 Betsch, 2020, Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19, The Lancet, 395, 1255, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30729-7 Chenget al., 2022 K. K. Cheng T. H. Lam C. C. Leung (in press). Wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic: Altruism and solidarity. The Lancet. De Vries, 2013, The 24-item brief HEXACO inventory (BHI), Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 871, 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.09.003 Erdfelder, 2009, Multinomial processing tree models: A review of the literature, Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217, 108, 10.1027/0044-3409.217.3.108 Heck, 2018, RRreg: An R package for correlation and regression analyses of randomized response data, Journal of Statistical Software, 85, 1, 10.18637/jss.v085.i02 Heck, 2018, Who lies? A large-scale reanalysis linking basic personality traits to unethical decision making, Judgment and Decision making, 13, 356, 10.1017/S1930297500009232 Hilbig, 2014, Generalized outcome-based strategy classification: Comparing deterministic and probabilistic choice models, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 1431, 10.3758/s13423-014-0643-0 Hoffmann, 2015, A strong validation of the crosswise model using experimentally-induced cheating behavior, Experimental Psychology, 62, 403, 10.1027/1618-3169/a000304 Hoffmann, 2017, On the comprehensibility and perceived privacy protection of indirect questioning techniques, Behavior Research Methods, 49, 1470, 10.3758/s13428-016-0804-3 Jensen, 2020, Is self-reported social distancing susceptible to social desirability bias? Using the crosswise model to elicit sensitive behaviors, Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3, 10.30636/jbpa.32.182 Julian, 2022, Convergent validity of three brief six-factor measures of personality, Personality and Individual Differences, 188, 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111436 Lensvelt-Mulders, 2005, Meta-analysis of randomized response research: Thirty-five years of validation, Sociological Methods & Research, 33, 319, 10.1177/0049124104268664 Mieth, 2021, Do they really wash their hands? Prevalence estimates for personal hygiene behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic based on indirect questions, BMC Public Health, 21, 12, 10.1186/s12889-020-10109-5 Moshagen, 2010, multiTree: A computer program for the analysis of multinomial processing tree models, Behavior Research Methods, 42, 42, 10.3758/BRM.42.1.42 Paulhus, 1986, Self-deception and impression management in test responses, 143 Pfattheicher, 2020, The emotional path to action: Empathy promotes physical distancing and wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, Psychological Science, 31, 1363, 10.1177/0956797620964422 Roth, 2019, A multi-informant study of the influence of targets' and perceivers' social desirability on self-other agreement in ratings of the HEXACO personality dimensions, Journal of Research in Personality, 78, 138, 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.008 Sagoe, 2021, Functionality of the crosswise model for assessing sensitive or transgressive behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655592 Schnapp, 2019, Sensitive question techniques and careless responding: Adjusting the crosswise model for random answers, Methods, Data, Analyses, 13, 13 Schumacher, 2019, House of cards or west wing? Self-reported HEXACO traits of Danish politicians, Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 173, 10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.028 Thielmann, 2020, Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 146, 30, 10.1037/bul0000217 Tourangeau, 2007, Sensitive questions in surveys, Psychological Bulletin, 133, 859, 10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859 Ulrich, 2012, Asking sensitive questions: A statistical power analysis of randomized response models, Psychological Methods, 17, 623, 10.1037/a0029314 Warner, 1965, Randomized response: A survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60, 63, 10.1080/01621459.1965.10480775 Yu, 2008, Two new models for survey sampling with sensitive characteristic: Design and analysis, Metrika, 67, 251, 10.1007/s00184-007-0131-x Zettler, 2020, The nomological net of the HEXACO model of personality: A large-scale meta-analytic investigation, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15, 723, 10.1177/1745691619895036 Zettler, 2022, The role of personality in COVID-19-related perceptions, evaluations, and behaviors: Findings across five samples, nine traits, and 17 criteria, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13, 299, 10.1177/19485506211001680 Zettleret al., 2022 I. Zettler L. Lilleholt R. Böhm M. Gondan (in press). Comparing responses in repeated cross-sectional and panel studies: Results across eight weeks during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Denmark. Psychological Assessment.