Selling Australia, selling Sydney: The ambivalent politics of entrepreneurial multiculturalism
Tóm tắt
Multiculturalism is a concept that is hotly contested and deployed in a wide range of discourses with different meanings, different strategic purposes, and with different effects. This paper explores the strategic use of multiculturalism to promote Australia, and its largest most globalized city, Sydney, in the 1990s. The paper begins by examining official policies around multiculturalism in Australia, the ambivalent responses to these within and outside of government arenas, and the more recent shift in government focus to the economic significance of multiculturalism. The paper then looks at how multicultural discourses have been deployed by the Australian and New South Wales governments. “Entrepreneurial multiculturalism” draws on multicultural discourses of a number of kinds, for example: the demographic-descriptive; Australia’s strategic proximity to Asian markets; the exotic; and images of harmony to sell Australia and syndey. In the political climate of the late twentieth century, however, the period of the texts discussed here, the use of multicultural discourses as a form of national and city promotion, particularly images of harmony, sat uncomfortably in the wider political scene which was much more ambivalent about, and sometimes hostile to, the diversity of Australia's population. As such entrepreneurial multiculturalism could be argued to be a strategic political move on the part of both the federal and state governments at this time.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson, K.J. (1993). Otherness, culture and capital: “Chinatown's” transformation under Australian multiculturalism. In G.L. Clark, D. Forbes, & R. Francis (Eds.), Multiculturalism, difference and postmodernism (pp. 68–89). Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.
Anthias, F., & Yuval Davis, N. (1992). Racialised boundaries. London: Routledge.
Australasian Mushim Times, No. 86 Friday 1–14, October 1993.
Australian Museum Business Services. (2002). Richness in diversity-Australia's cultural diversity international travelling exhibition. [Online]. http://www.ambs.com.au/case_studies/display.cfm
Australian Tourist Commission. (1998). Toursim fact sheet. [Online] www.act.net.au/intell/factsh/sept98.htm
Birrel, R., & Jupp, J. (2000). Welfare recipient patterns among migrants. Camberra: AusInfo.
Brah, A. (1996). Cartographies of diaspora: Contesting identities. London: Routledge.
Burnley, I.H. (2001). The impact of immigration on Australia: A demographic perspective. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Castles, S. (1992). Multiculturalism and the demise of nationalism in Australia. Sydney: Pluto Press.
Castles, S. (2000). Ethnicity and globalisation: From migrant worker to transnational citizen. London: Sage.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1999a). A new agenda for, multicultural Australia. Canberra: AusInfo.
Commonwealth of Australia. (1999b). New knowledge, new opportunities: A discussion paper on higher education and research training. Canberra: Ministry for Education, Training and Youth Affairs.
Committee to Advise on Australia's Immigration Policies (CAAIP). (1988). Immigration: A commitment to Australia. Canberra: AGPS.
Cook, P. (1995). Economic aspects of diversity: evolving patterns of industry and investment. Paper given at Global Cultural Diversity Conference, Canberra.
Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (1997). Productive diversity: A new Australian model for work and management. Sydney: Pluto Press.
Cox, K. (1999). A river of happy tears at the Snowy reunion. Sydney Morning Herald, October 18.
Dennis, A. (1999). Towards one nation. Sydney Morning Herald. September 12.
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. (1999a). Fact sheet 5: Abolition of the “White Australia” policy. Canberra: Author. [Online] http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/05policy.htm
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. (1999b). Questions and answers-dispelling the myths about immigration. Canberra: Author. [Online] http://www.immi.gov.au
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. (2000). Fact sheet 8: The evolution of Australia's multicultural policies. Canberra: Author. [Online] http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/08policy.html
Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2002). Australian Multiculturalism. Canberra: Author. [Online] http://www.dima.gov.au/multicultural/australian/index.htm
Dunn, K.M. (1998). Rethinking ethnic concentration: The case of Cabramatta, Sydney. Urban Studies, 35(3), 503–527.
Dunn, K.M., & McDonald, A. (2001). The geography of racisms in NSW: A theoretical exploration and some preliminary findings. Australian Geographer, 32(1), 29–44.
Fincher, R (2001). Immigration research in the politics of an anxious nation. Environment and Planning, 19, 25–42.
Fraser, M. (1981). Multiculturalism: Australia's unique achievement. Inaugural address on multiculturalism given to the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs. Melbourne.
Garcia, M. (1997). Multiculturalism re-visited. Sydney Morning Herald, June 5.
Gardiner-Garden, J. (1993). The multiculturalism and immigration debate 1973–1993. Background Paper Number 8. Canberra: Parliamentary Research Service.
Gold, J.R. (1994). Locating the message: Place promotion as image communication. In J.R. Gold & S.V. Ward (Eds.), Place promotion: The use of publicity and marketing to sell towns and regions. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
Grassby, A. (1973). A multi-cultural society for the future. Canberra: AGPS.
Grattan, M. (1999). G'day, mate, ain't Sydney great? Sydney Morning Herald, July 16.
Grattan, M., & Cox, K. (1999). Scheme shows our” aspirational” spirit: PM. Sydney Morning Herald. October 18.
Hall, S. (2000). The multicultural question. In B. Hesse (Ed.), Un/settled multiculturalisms: Diasporas, entanglements, transcriptions. London: Zed books.
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Industry Commission. (1994): Enterprising nation: Renewing Australia's managers to meet the challenges of the Asia-Pacific century. Canberra: AGPS.
Inglis, C. (n.d.). Multiculturalism: A policy response to diversity. Paris: UNESCO
Invest Australia. (1999a). Australia's advantages. [Online] http://www.disr.gov.au/invest/Index/Australia'sAdvantages.htm
Invest Australia. (1999b). A chance to share the Australian business opportunity. [Online] www.inv estment2000.com.au
Invest Australia. (1999c). An ability to facilitate Asian regional business business strategies. [Online] www.investment2000.com.au
Invest Australia. (1999d). Sydney 2000 bid. [Online] www.investment2000.com.au
Jayasuriya, L. (1991). Multiculturalism and pluralism in Australia. In R. Nile (Ed.), Immigration and the politics of ethnicity and race in Australia and Britain (pp. 82–97). Carlton, Victoria, and University of London: Bureau of Immigration Research.
Jupp, J. (1991). Immigration and settlement policy in Australia. In R. Nile (Ed.), Immigration and the politics of ethnicity and race in Australia and Britain (pp. 53–69). Carlton, Victoria, and University of London: Bureau of Immigration Research.
Kobayashi, A. (1993). Multiculturalism: Representing a Canadian institution. In J. Duncan & D. Ley (Eds.), Place/culture/representation (pp. 205–231). London: Routledge.
McKay, H. (1999). The next wave. Sydney Morning Herald, October 30.
Manne, R. (1999). The Australian century: Political struggle in the building of a nation. Melbourne: Text.
Millet. (1997). Where to now? Sydney Morning Herald, May 8.
Mitchell, K. (1993). Multiculturalism of the united colours of capitalism. Antipode, 25(4), 263–294.
Murphy, P., & Watson, S. (1997). Surface city: Sydney at the millennium. Sydney: Pluto Press.
Murphy, P.A., & Wu, C.-T. (2000). Economic resilience: Global Sydney's multicultural advantage. Asian Geographer, 19(1&2), 75–88.
Multicultural Advisory Committee. (n.d.) News from the MAC to the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Mosaic, 4, 3.
National Multicultural Advisory Council. (1999). Australian multiculturalism for a new century: towards inclusiveness. Canberra: AusInfo.
National Multicultural Advisory Council. (1997). Multicultural Australia: The way forward. [Online] www.immi.gov.au
NSW Department of State and Regional Development. (1996a). NSW at a glance. Sydney: Author.
NSW Department of State and Regional Development. (1996b). NSW Competitiveness report. Sydney: Author.
NSW Department of State and Regional Development. (1996c). First for business. Sydney: Author.
NSW Department of State and Regional Development. (1996d). The Call Centre Capital of the Asia Pacific. Sydney: Author.
NSW Department of State and Regional Development. (1997). Investment 2000. Sydney: Author.
NSW Toursim. (1999a). Sydney. Sydney: Author.
NSW Tourism (1999b). Sydney precincts. Sydney: Author.
O'Brien, E.A. (2001). Planning in the new millennium: Housing needs among older NESB women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Australian National University.
Office of Multicultural Affairs. (1989). National agenda for a multicultural Australia. Canberra: AGPS.
Office of Multicultural Affairs. (1995). Our nation: Multicultural Australia and the 21st Century. Canberra: Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
Probyn, E. (2002). The Australian. February 3.
Rimmer, S. (1991). The cost of multiculturlism. Canberra: Author.
Sheehan, P. (1998). Among the barbarians. Sydney: Random House.
Scott, A.J. (1996). The cultural economy of cities. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Reeve, D. (1996). Homebush Babel? Olympic communication breakdown: Language services and the Sydney Olympics. Olympic Impact, 1, 6.
News of the Sydney Olympics 2000 bid. (1993). Share the Spirit, 12.
Sydney 2000 bid books (1994). Volume 1.
Sydney (2000a). inforsheet: Multicultural Participation.
Sydney (2000b). inforsheet: Olympic Arts Festivals.
Sydney (2000c). pamphlet: Australia a Cultural Mosaic.
Syney 2000 pamphlet: Olympic Arts Festivals.
Vertovec, S. (1998). Social cohesion and tolerance. [Online] Metropolis Canadian Site www.canad a.metropolis.globalx.net/
Ward, S.V. (1998). Selling places: The marketing and promotion of towns and cities 1850–2000. London: Routledge.