Self-fulfilling prophecies in the clinical context: Review and implications for clinical practice

Anderson, 1983, Imagination and expectation: The effect of imagining behavioral scripts on personal intentions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 293, 10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.293 Arnoult, 1988, Identifying and reducing causal reasoning biases in clinical practice, 209 Bandura, 1986 Bandura, 1989, Human agency in social cognitive theory, American Psychologist, 44, 1175, 10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175 Bass, 1988 Berman, 1979 Brown, 1966 Dahlstrom, 1993, Tests: Small samples, large consequences, American Psychologist, 48, 393, 10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.393 Darley, 1980, Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence, American Psychologist, 35, 867, 10.1037/0003-066X.35.10.867 Darley, 1988, Dispelling negative expectancies: The impact of interaction goals and target characteristics on the expectancy confirmation process, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 19, 10.1016/0022-1031(88)90042-X DePaulo, 1992, Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation, Psychological Bulletin, 111, 203, 10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.203 Farina, 1982, The stigma of mental disorders Farina, 1968, The role of the stigmatized person in affecting social relationships, Journal of Personality, 36, 169, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1968.tb01467.x Farina, 1971, Mental illness and the impact of believing others know about it, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 1, 10.1037/h0030496 Farina, 1966, The role of stigma and set in interpersonal interaction, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 421, 10.1037/h0020306 Farina, 1965, The influence of perceived mental illness on interpersonal relations, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 70, 47, 10.1037/h0021637 Frank, 1973 Frank, 1963, Immediate and long-term symptomatic course of psychiatric outpatients, American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 429, 10.1176/ajp.120.5.429 Fromm-Reichmann, 1950 Gauron, 1969, The influence of seeing the patient first on diagnostic decision-making in psychiatry, American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 199, 10.1176/ajp.126.2.199 Goffman, 1963 Harris, 1989, Personality moderators of interpersonal expectancy effects: Replication of Harris and Rosenthal (1986), Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 381, 10.1016/0092-6566(89)90009-3 Harris, 1993 Harris, 1992, Self-fulfilling effects of stigmatizing information on children's social interactions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 41, 10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.41 Harris, 1986, Counselor and client personality as determinants of counselor expectancy effects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 362, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.362 Heller, 1961, Client dependency and therapist expectancy as relationship maintaining variables in psychotherapy, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25, 371, 10.1037/h0043489 Jones, 1984 Jones, 1959, Reactions to unfavorable personal evaluations as a function of the evaluator's perceived adjustment, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 363, 10.1037/h0047311 Kanter, 1987, Expressed emotions in families: A critical review, Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38, 374 Kayne, 1988, Clinician and patient as aberrant actuaries: Expectation-based distortions in assessment of covariation, 295 Kazdin, 1992 Kirsch, 1990 Langer, 1974, A patient by any other name …: Clinician group difference in labeling bias, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 4, 10.1037/h0036054 Loftus, 1993, The reality of repressed memories, American Psychologist, 48, 518, 10.1037/0003-066X.48.5.518 Marlatt, 1985, Relapse prevention: Theoretical rationale and overview of the model, 3 Mavissakalian, 1987, The placebo effect in agoraphobia, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 95, 10.1097/00005053-198702000-00005 Merton, 1948, The self-fulfilling prophecy, Antioch Review, 8, 193, 10.2307/4609267 Milich, 1992, Effects of stigmatizing information on children's peer relations: Believing is seeing, School Psychology Review, 21, 400, 10.1080/02796015.1992.12085624 Nunnally, 1961 Park, 1965, The non-blind placebo trial, Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 335 Rosenhan, 1973, On being sane in insane places, Science, 179, 250, 10.1126/science.179.4070.250 Rosenthal, 1978, Interpersonal expectancy effects: The first 345 studies, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 377, 10.1017/S0140525X00075506 Sackett, 1982, The interviewer as hypothesis tester: The effects of impressions of an applicant on interviewer questioning strategy, Personnel Psychology, 35, 789, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1982.tb02222.x Satir, 1968 Shapiro, 1960, A contribution to a history of the placebo effect, Behavioral Science, 5, 109, 10.1002/bs.3830050202 Sibicky, 1986, Stigma of psychological therapy: Stereotypes, interpersonal reactions, and the self-fulfilling prophecy, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 148, 10.1037/0022-0167.33.2.148 Smith, 1980 Snyder, 1980, Testing hypotheses about other people: The role of the hypothesis, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 421, 10.1177/014616728063015 Snyder, 1978, Hypothesis-testing processes in social interaction, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1202, 10.1037/0022-3514.36.11.1202 Snyder, 1977, Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656, 10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656 Snyder, 1988, Interactions between therapists and clients: Hypothesis testing and behavioral confirmation Strohmer, 1984, Counselor hypothesis testing strategies: The role of initial impressions and self-schema, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 510, 10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.510 Strohmer, 1983, Counselor hypothesis-testing strategies, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 557, 10.1037/0022-0167.30.4.557 Swann, 1984, A battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1287, 10.1037/0022-3514.46.6.1287 Swann, 1987, Confirmatory search strategies in social interaction: How, when, why and with what consequences, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 5, 511, 10.1521/jscp.1987.5.4.511 Trope, 1983, Information-gathering strategies in hypothesis-testing, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 22 Trope, 1984, The questions lay interviewers ask, Journal of Personality, 52, 90, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00552.x 1988 Vrugt, 1990, Negative attitudes, nonverbal behavior, and self-fulfilling prophecy in simulated therapy interviews, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, 77, 10.1007/BF01670435 Wilson Dallas, 1985, Do psychotherapists use a confirmatory strategy during interviewing?, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3, 106, 10.1521/jscp.1985.3.1.106