Self-compassion, but not compassion toward others, is associated with better physical health: A cross-sectional study

Achim, 2011, How prevalent are anxiety disorders in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and critical review on a significant association, Schizophr. Bull., 37, 811, 10.1093/schbul/sbp148 Althubaiti, 2016, Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods, J. Multidiscip. Healthc., 9, 211, 10.2147/JMDH.S104807 Andreasen, 1983 Andreasen, 1984 Bartels, 2015, Pragmatic replication trial of health promotion coaching for obesity in serious mental illness and maintenance of outcomes, Am. J. Psychiatr., 172, 344, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14030357 Beadle, 2019, Impact of aging on empathy: review of psychological and neural mechanisms, Front. Psychiatry, 10, 331, 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00331 Bonfils, 2017, Empathy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Psychiatry Res., 249, 293, 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.033 Cabassa, 2017, Peer-based health interventions for people with serious mental illness: a systematic literature review, J. Psychiatr. Res., 84, 80, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.021 Chang, 2010, Impact of mental health and caregiver burden on family caregivers' physical health, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr., 50, 267, 10.1016/j.archger.2009.04.006 Daumit, 2020, Effect of a comprehensive cardiovascular risk reduction intervention in persons with serious mental illness: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA Netw. Open, 3, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7247 Derogatis, 1983, The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report, Psychol. Med., 13, 595, 10.1017/S0033291700048017 Dubreucq, 2021, Self-stigma in serious mental illness: a systematic review of frequency, correlates, and consequences, Schizophr. Bull., 47, 1261, 10.1093/schbul/sbaa181 Dudley, 2018, Mindfulness of voices, self-compassion, and secure attachment in relation to the experience of hearing voices, Br.J.Clin.Psychol., 57, 1, 10.1111/bjc.12153 Dunne, 2018, Brief report: self-compassion, physical health and the mediating role of health-promoting behaviours, J. Health Psychol., 23, 993, 10.1177/1359105316643377 Felger, 2018, Imaging the role of inflammation in mood and anxiety-related disorders, Curr. Neuropharmacol., 16, 533, 10.2174/1570159X15666171123201142 Ferrari, 2019, Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: a meta-analysis of RCTs, Mindfulness, 10, 1455, 10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6 First, 2002 Fond, 2018, C-reactive protein as a peripheral biomarker in schizophrenia.An updated systematic review, Front. Psychiatry, 9, 392, 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00392 Friis, 2016, Kindness matters: a randomized controlled trial of a mindful self-compassion intervention improves depression, distress, and HbA1c among patients with diabetes, Diabetes Care, 39, 1963, 10.2337/dc16-0416 Gerlinger, 2013, Personal stigma in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review of prevalence rates, correlates, impact and interventions, World Psychiatry, 12, 155, 10.1002/wps.20040 Gilbert, 2009, Introducing compassion-focused therapy, Adv. Psychiatr. Treat., 15, 199, 10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264 Graham, 2019, Associations between heart rate variability measured with a wrist-worn sensor and older adults' physical function: observational study, JMIR mHealthuHealth, 7 Green, 2015, Social cognition in schizophrenia, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 16, 620, 10.1038/nrn4005 Heym, 2019, The role of microbiota and inflammation in self-judgement and empathy: implications for understanding the brain-gut-microbiome axis in depression, Psychopharmacology, 236, 1459, 10.1007/s00213-019-05230-2 Hlabangana, 2020, Depression in partner caregivers of people with neurological conditions; associations with self-compassion and quality of life, J. Ment. Health, 29, 176, 10.1080/09638237.2019.1630724 Hobfoll, 1989, Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress, Am. Psychol., 44, 513, 10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513 Hochheiser, 2020, The independent relationships of metacognition, mindfulness, and cognitive insight to self-compassion in schizophrenia, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 208, 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001065 Hong, 2016, The effects of caregiving resources on perceived health among caregivers, Health Soc. Work, 41, 155, 10.1093/hsw/hlw025 Hwang, 2008, The development of the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale: an abbreviation of sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale, Pastor. Psychol., 56, 421, 10.1007/s11089-008-0117-2 Jeste, 2011, Divergent trajectories of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aging in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Bull., 37, 451, 10.1093/schbul/sbr026 Joseph, 2015, Associations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia and comparison groups, Schizophr. Res., 168, 456, 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.019 Kirby, 2017, A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: current state of knowledge and future directions, Behav. Ther., 48, 778, 10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003 Köhler, 2017, Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: a meta-analysis of 82 studies, Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 135, 373, 10.1111/acps.12698 Kritharides, 2017, Cardiovascular disease in patients with schizophrenia, Med. J. Aust., 206, 91, 10.5694/mja16.00650 Kroenke, 2001, The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure, J. Gen. Intern. Med., 16, 606, 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x Leaviss, 2015, Psychotherapeutic benefits of compassion-focused therapy: an early systematic review, Psychol. Med., 45, 927, 10.1017/S0033291714002141 Lee, 2020, Outcomes of randomized clinical trials of interventions to enhance social, emotional, and spiritual components of wisdom: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 925, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0821 Lee, 2021, Compassion towards others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: a 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan, Transl. Psychiatry, 11, 397, 10.1038/s41398-021-01491-8 Lee, 2017, Inflammation in schizophrenia: cytokine levels and their relationships to demographic and clinical variables, Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 25, 50, 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.09.009 Lee, 2018, A widening longevity gap between people with schizophrenia and general population: a literature review and call for action, Schizophr. Res., 196, 9, 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.005 Lee, 2018, Childhood adversity and schizophrenia: the protective role of resilience in mental and physical health and metabolic markers, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 79, 10.4088/JCP.17m11776 Li, 2020, Prevalence of comorbid depression in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of observational studies, J. Affect. Disord., 273, 524, 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.056 Linn, 1968, Cumulative illness rating scale, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 16, 622, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1968.tb02103.x MacBeth, 2012, Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 32, 545, 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003 Maner, 2022, A systematic review of the effectiveness of compassion focused imagery in improving psychological outcomes in clinical and non-clinical adult populations, Clin. Psychol. Psychother. Neff, 2003, The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion, Self Identity, 2, 223, 10.1080/15298860309027 Osimo, 2020, Inflammatory markers in depression: a meta-analysis of mean differences and variability in 5,166 patients and 5,083 controls, Brain Behav. Immun., 87, 901, 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.010 Pace, 2013, Engagement with cognitively-based compassion training is associated with reduced salivary C-reactive protein from before to after training in foster care program adolescents, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 294, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.019 Palmer, 2014, Wellness within illness: happiness in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res., 159, 151, 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.027 Raes, 2011, Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-compassion Scale, Clin.Psychol.Psychother., 18, 250, 10.1002/cpp.702 Scheunemann, 2019, The link between self-compassion and psychotic-like experiences: a matter of distress?, Psychol. Psychother., 92, 523, 10.1111/papt.12193 Sheehan, 1998, The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10, J. Clin. Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22 Sommerfeld, 2022, Improving healthy living in residential care facilities: feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of implementing a multicomponent intervention for diabetes risk reduction in adults with serious mental illnesses, Admin. Pol. Ment. Health, 49, 646, 10.1007/s10488-022-01189-z Sprecher, 2005, Compassionate love for close others and humanity, J. Soc. Pers. Relat., 22, 629, 10.1177/0265407505056439 Strauss, 2016, What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 47, 15, 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.004 Stubbs, 2017, Depression and physical health multimorbidity: primary data and country-wide meta-analysis of population data from 190 593 people across 43 low-and middle-income countries, Psychol. Med., 47, 2107, 10.1017/S0033291717000551 Van Patten, 2019, Assessment of 3-dimensional wisdom in schizophrenia: associations with neuropsychological functions and physical and mental health, Schizophr. Res., 208, 360, 10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.022 Ware, 1992, The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection, Med. Care, 30, 473, 10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002 Webster, 2014, Time to flourish: the relationship of temporal perspective to well-being and wisdom across adulthood, Aging Ment. Health, 18, 8, 10.1080/13607863.2014.908458 Wilson, 2019, Effectiveness of self-compassion related therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Mindfulness, 10, 979, 10.1007/s12671-018-1037-6