Seismic demand and experimental evaluation of the nonstructural building curtain wall: A review

Akkar, 2005, Drift estimates in frame buildings subjected to near-fault ground motions, J Struct Eng, 131, 1014, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:7(1014) American Architectural Manufacture Association (AAMA). Recommended dynamic test method for determining the seismic drift causing glass fallout from a wall system, AAMA 501.6-09, Schaumburg, IL; 2009a. American Architectural Manufacture Association (AAMA). Recommended Static Testing Method for Evaluating Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to Seismic and Wind Induced Interstory Drift, AAMA 501.4-09, Schaumburg, IL; 2009b. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-95, New York; 1995. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, SEI/ASCE 7-10, Reston, VA; 2010. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, ASCE 7-05, New York; 2006. American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM), 2011 Anagnos, 1999 Applied Technology Council, ATC. Earthquake damage evaluation data for California. Report No. ATC-13, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA; 1985. Applied Technology Council (ATC), 2006 Applied Technology Council (ATC), 2005 Applied Technology Council (ATC), 2012 Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ), 2003 Bachman RE, Drake RM. Design force provisions for nonstructural elements and model codes, In: Proceedings of the 6th U.S. national conference on earthquake engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; 1998. p. 12–19. Badillo-Almaraz, 2007, Seismic fragility of suspended ceiling systems, Earthq Spectra, 23, 21, 10.1193/1.2357626 Baird, 2014 Baird, 2012, Façade damage assessment of concrete buildings in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, Struct Concr, 13, 3, 10.1002/suco.201100040 Behr, 1996, Seismic test methods for architectural glazing systems, Earthq Spectra, 12, 129, 10.1193/1.1585871 Behr, 1998, Seismic performance of architectural glass in mid-rise curtain wall, J Archit Eng, 4, 94, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(1998)4:3(94) Behr, 1995, Seismic performance of architectural glass in a storefront wall system, Earthq Spectra, 11, 367, 10.1193/1.1585819 Behr, 1995, Dynamic racking tests of curtain wall glass elements with in-plane and out-of-plane motions, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 24, 1, 10.1002/eqe.4290240102 Bilgin, 2016, Generation of fragility curves for typical RC healthcare facilities: emphasis on hospitals in Turkey, J Struct Eng, 30 Bouwkamp JG, Meehan JF. Drift limitations imposed by glass, In: Proceedings of the 2nd world conference on earthquake engineering, volume III, Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan,; 1960. p. 1763–78. Brandenberg, 2011 Broker, 2012, Seismic racking test evaluation of silicon used in a four-sided structural sealant glazed curtain wall system, J ASTM Int, 9, 1, 10.1520/JAI104144 Brueggeman, 2000, Dynamic racking performance of an earthquake isolated curtain wall system, Earthq Spectra, 16, 735, 10.1193/1.1586137 Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 1997 Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 1997 Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 1997 Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 2000 Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 2003 Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 2009 Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC), 1994 Calvi, 2014, Relative displacement floor spectra for seismic design of nonstructural elements, J Earthq Eng, 18, 1037, 10.1080/13632469.2014.923795 Canadian Standards Association (CSA). Guideline for seismic risk reduction of operational and functional components (OFCs) of buildings, CSA-S832, Rexdale, Ont., Canada; 2006. Cao Z, Zhang Y, Liu J. Seismic response testing of the glass curtain wall with shaking table, In: Proceedings of the 5th national conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing; 1998. p. 876–71. (in Chinese). Chaudhuri, 2006, Fragility of bench-mounted equipment considering uncertain parameters, J Struct Eng, 132, 884, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:6(884) China Academy of Building Research, 2007 China National Standard (CNS), 2014 China National Standard (CNS), 2001 Chopra, 2001, Drift spectrum versus modal analysis of structural response to near-fault ground motions, Earthq Spectra, 17, 221, 10.1193/1.1586173 Cimellaro, 2011, Fragility analysis and seismic record selection, J Struct Eng, 137, 379, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000115 Coull, 1967, Analysis of coupled shear walls, Acids J, 64, 587 Coull, 1967, Stresses and deflections in coupled shear walls, Acids J, 64, 65 Courant, 1989, 2 Drake, 1996, NEHRP provisions for 1994 for nonstructural components, J Archit Eng, 2, 26, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(1996)2:1(26) Drake RM, Gillengerten JD. Examination of CDMG ground motion data in support of the 1994 NEHRP provisions. In: Proceedings of the 5th U.S. national conference on earthquake engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Chicago, Ill; 1994. p. 745–54. Elkhoraibi, 2007, Towards error-free hybrid simulation using mixed variables, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 36, 1497, 10.1002/eqe.691 European Committee for Standardization (ECS). Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance- Part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, BS EN 1998-1:2004, Brussels; 2005. Eva, 2011, Experimental evaluation of the in-plane seismic behaviour of storefront window systems, Earthq Spectra, 27, 997, 10.1193/1.3651407 Fathali S, Lizundia B. Evaluation of ASCE/SEI 7 equations for seismic design of nonstructural components using CSMIP records, In: Proceedings of SMIP12 Seminar on Utilization of Strong Motion Data. Sacramento, CA; 2012. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Quantification of building seismic performance factors, FEMA P695, Washington, DC; 2009. Garcia, 2003, Sliding fragility of block-type non-structural components. Part 1: unrestrained components, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 32, 111, 10.1002/eqe.217 Garcia, 2003, Sliding fragility of block-type non-structural components. Part 2: restrained components, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 32, 131, 10.1002/eqe.218 Gardoni, 2002, Probabilistic capacity models and fragility estimates for reinforced concrete columns based on experimental observations, J Eng Mech, 128, 1024, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:10(1024) General Administration of Quality Supervision (GAQS), Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, 2001 Günay, 2014, Enhancement of real-time hybrid simulation on a shaking table configuration with implementation of an advanced control method, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 44, 657, 10.1002/eqe.2477 Günay, 2013, PEER performance-based earthquake engineering methodology, revisited, J Earthq Eng, 17, 829, 10.1080/13632469.2013.787377 Gupta, 2000, Estimation of seismic drift demands for frame structures, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 29, 1287, 10.1002/1096-9845(200009)29:9<1287::AID-EQE971>3.0.CO;2-B Gupta A, Krawinkler H. Seismic demands for performance evaluation of steel moment resisting frame structures, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Report No. 132, Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford University; 1999. Hall JF (editor). Northridge Earthquake of January 17, 1994, Reconnaissance Report, vol. 1. Earthquake Spectra, Supplement C to vol. 11, Earthquake Engineering research Institute, Oakland, CA; 1995. Heidebrecht, 1973, Approximate analysis of tall wall-frame structures, J Struct Eng, 99, 199 Hunt, 2010 Huang, 2009, Discussion on seismic performance indices of architectural curtain walls, China Civil Eng J, 42, 7 Huang, 2014 Hutchinson, 2006, Simplified expression for seismic fragility estimation of sliding-dominated equipment and contents, Earthq Spectra, 22, 709, 10.1193/1.2220637 Hutchinson, 2011, Development of a drift protocol for seismic performance evaluation considering a damage index concept, Earthq Spectra, 27, 1049, 10.1193/1.3652707 International Code Council (ICC). International building code, International Code Council, Whittier, CA; 2000. International Code Council (ICC). International building code, International Code Council, Whittier, CA; 2006. International Code Council (ICC). International building code. International Code Council, Whittier, CA; 2012. International Code Council Evaluation Service (ICC-ES). Acceptance criteria for seismic qualification by shake-table testing of nonstructural components and systems, AC156, Whittier, CA; 2010. International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO). Uniform building code. International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA; 1997. Iwan, 1997, Drift spectrum: measure on demand for earthquake ground motions, J Struct Eng, 123, 397, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:4(397) Joseph, 2013, Floor accelerations in yielding special moment resisting frame structures, Earthq Spectra, 29, 987, 10.1193/1.4000167 Kappos, 2006, A hybrid method for the vulnerability assessment of R/C and URM buildings, Bull Earthq Eng, 4, 391, 10.1007/s10518-006-9023-0 Karavasilis, 2007, Estimation of seismic drift and ductility demands in planar regular X-braced steel frames, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 36, 2273, 10.1002/eqe.728 Kehoe B, Hachem M. Procedures for estimating floor accelerations, Seminar on Seismic Design, Performance, and Retrofit of Nonstructural Components in Critical Facilities, ATC 29–2, Newport Beach, CA; 2003. p. 361–74. Kim, 2002, Closer look at the drift demand spectrum, J Struct Eng, 128, 942, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:7(942) Krawinkler, 2000 Kubo, 2014, Investigation of indoor damage and questionable intensity for high-rise building in Tokyo during the great east Japan earthquake, J Jpn Assoc Earthq Eng, 14, 118 Lavelle, 1988 Lin, 2010, Estimation of maximum roof displacement demands in regular multistory buildings, J Eng Mech, 136, 1, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2010)136:1(1) Lu, 2010, Study on the shaking table test of micro crystal glass curtain wall, Build Struct, 40, 59 Lu, 2008, Study on the shaking table test methods of architectural curtain walls, J Disaster Prev Mitig Eng, 28, 447 Lu, 2016, Shaking table test method of building curtain walls using floor capacity demand diagrams, Bull Earthq Eng Lu, 2016, Experimental evaluation of a glass curtain wall of a tall building, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 45, 1185, 10.1002/eqe.2705 Lupoi, 2006, Seismic fragility analysis of structural systems, J Eng Mech, 132, 385, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2006)132:4(385) Ma, 1998, Cyclic loading and shaking table testing of the hidden framed glass curtain wall, Build Struct, 3, 54 Mackie K, Stojadinovic B. Fragility curves for reinforced concrete highway overpass bridges. In: Proceedings of the 13th world conference on earthquake engineering, Vancouver, Canada; August 1-6, 2004; 2004. Medina, 2005, Evaluation of drift demands for the seismic performance assessment of frames, J Struct Eng, 131, 1003, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:7(1003) Memari, 2004, Dynamic racking crescendo tests on architectural glass fitted with anchored pet film, J Archit Eng, 10, 5, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2004)10:1(5) Memari, 2003, Seismic behavior of curtain walls containing insulating glass units, J Archit Eng, 9, 70, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2003)9:2(70) Memari, 2006, Architectural glass panels with rounded corners to mitigate earthquake damage, Earthq Spectra, 22, 129, 10.1193/1.2164875 Memari, 2012, Seismic performance of stick-built four-side structural sealant glazing systems and comparison with two-side structural sealant glazing and dry-glazed systems, Adv Civil Eng Mater, 1, 1 Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural of the People’s Republic of China (MOHURD), 2010 Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural of the People’s Republic of China (MOHURD), 2010 Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural of the People’s Republic of China (MOHURD), 2014 Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural of the People’s Republic of China (MOHURD, 2003 Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural of the People’s Republic of China (MOHURD), 2001 Miranda, 2006, Generalized interstory drift spectrum, J Struct Eng, 132, 840, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:6(840) Miranda, 2002, Approximate lateral drift demands in multistory buildings with nonuniform stiffness, J Struct Eng, 128, 840, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:7(840) Miranda, 2005, Approximate floor acceleration demands in multistory buildings I: formulation, J Struct Eng, 131, 203, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:2(203) Miranda, 1999, Approximate seismic lateral deformation demands in multistory buildings, J Struct Eng, 125, 417, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:4(417) Moehle J, Deierlein G. A framework methodology for performance-based earthquake engineering structure. In: Proceedings of the 13th world conference on earthquake engineering structure, Vancouver, BC, Paper No. 679; 2004. Mosleh, 1986, The assessment of probability distributions from expert opinions with an application to seismic fragility curves, Risk Anal, 6, 447, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00957.x Mosqueda, 2009, Testing facility for experimental evaluation of non-structural components under full-scale floor motions, Struct Des Tall Spec Build, 18, 387, 10.1002/tal.441 O’Brien, 2012, Fragility curves for architectural glass in stick-built glazing systems, Earthq Spectra, 2, 639, 10.1193/1.4000011 Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). PEER NGA Database, retrieved from 〈http://peer.berkeley.edu/nga/〉; 2006. Pantelides, 1994, Dynamic in-plane racking tests of curtain wall glass elements, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 23, 211, 10.1002/eqe.4290230208 Porter, 2007, Fragility of hydraulic elevators for use in performance-based earthquake engineering, Earthq Spectra, 23, 459, 10.1193/1.2720902 Porter, 2016, Seismic fragility of traction elevators, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 45, 819, 10.1002/eqe.2689 Porter, 2010, Fragility of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing equipment, Earthq Spectra, 26, 451, 10.1193/1.3363847 Porter, 2007, Creating fragility functions for performance-based earthquake engineering, Earthq Spectra, 23, 471, 10.1193/1.2720892 Priestley, 2007 Chaudhuri, 2011, Effect of nonlinearity of frame buildings on peak horizontal floor acceleration, J Earthq Eng, 15, 124, 10.1080/13632461003668046 Retamales, 2008 Retamales, 2011, Testing protocol for experimental seismic qualification of distributed nonstructural systems, Earthq Spectra, 27, 835, 10.1193/1.3609868 Rodriguez, 2002, Earthquake-induced floor horizontal accelerations in buildings, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 31, 693, 10.1002/eqe.149 Rojahn, 2004 Rossetto, 2003, Derivation of vulnerability functions for European-type RC structures based on observational data, Eng Struct, 25, 1241, 10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00060-9 Ruiz-García, 2006, Evaluation of residual drift demands in regular multi-storey frames for performance-based seismic assessment, Earthq Eng Struct Dyn, 35, 1609, 10.1002/eqe.593 Sankaranarayanan, 2007 Sassun, 2014 Shanghai Urban Construction and Communication Commission (SUCCC), 2012 Shirazi, 2005 Shodja, 2014, Using a lumped mass, nonuniform stiffness beam model to obtain the interstory drift spectra, J Struct Eng, 140, 155, 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000916 Singh, 2006, Seismic design forces I: rigid nonstructural components, J Struct Eng, 132, 1524, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:10(1524) Singh, 2006, Seismic design forces II: flexible nonstructural components, J Struct Eng, 132, 1533, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:10(1533) Singhal, 1998, Bayesian updating of fragilities with application to RC frames, J Struct Eng, 124, 922, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:8(922) Sivanerupan, 2014, In-plane drift capacity of contemporary point fixed glass façade systems, J Archit Eng, 20, 10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000130 Smith, 1991 Soong TT, Bachman RE, Drake RM. Implications of the 1994 Northridge earthquake on design guidelines for nonstructural components, In: Proceedings of NEHRP conference and workshop on research on the Northridge California Earthquake of January 17, 1994, California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering, vol. III; 1998. p. 441–48. Soroushian, 2016, Capacity evaluation of suspended ceiling-perimeter attachments, J Eng Mech, 142 Standards New Zealand (NZS). Structural Design Actions, Part 5: Earthquake Actions, NZS 1170.5, Wellington; 2004. Sucuoglu, 1997, Behaviour of window glass panels during earthquakes, Eng Struct, 19, 685, 10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00130-7 Taghavi, 2005, Approximate floor acceleration demands in multistory buildings II: applications, J Struct Eng, 131, 212, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:2(212) Taghavi, 2006 Taghavi S, Miranda E. Seismic demand assessment on acceleration-sensitive building nonstructural components, In: Proceedings of the 8th US national conference on earthquake engineering, paper No. 1520, San Francisco, CA; 2006. The British Standards Institution (BSI), 2013 Tongji University (TJU), 2013 Tongji University (TJU), 2001 Villaverde, 2005, Approximate procedure for the seismic nonlinear analysis of nonstructural components in buildings, J Seismol Earthq Eng, 7, 9 Villaverde, 1997, Method to improve seismic provisions for nonstructural components in buildings, J Struct Eng, 123, 432, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:4(432) Villaverde, 2006, Simple method to estimate the seismic nonlinear response of nonstructural components in buildings, Eng Struct, 28, 1209, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.11.016 Wang, 2002, Seismic performance test of the curtain wall, Build Struct, 32, 65 Wang, 2001, Shaking table testing of the back-bolt connected stone curtain wall, Build Struct, 31 Wilcoski J, Gambill JB, Smith SJ. The CERL Equipment Fragility and Protection Procedure (CEFAPP), USACERL Technical report No. 97/58, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, Ill; 1997.