Seed size variation: magnitude, distribution, and ecological correlates

Baker, H. G. (1972) Seed weight in relation to environmental conditions in California.Ecology 53, 997–1010.

Bazzaz, F. A., Carlson, R. W. and Harper, J. L. (1979) Contribution to reproductive effort by photosynthesis of flowers and fruits.Nature 279, 554–5.

Bertin, R. I. (1982) The ecology of sex expression in red buckeye.Ecology 63, 445–56.

Capinera, J. L. (1979) Qualitative variation in plants and insects: effect of propagule size on ecological plasticity.Amer. Natur. 114, 350–61.

Cavers, P. B. and Steel, M. G. (1984) Patterns of change in seed weight over time on individual plants.Amer. Natur. 124, 324–35.

Fenner, M. (1983) Relationships between seed weight, ash content and seedling growth in twenty-four species of Compositae.New Phytol. 95, 697–706.

Fuller, W., Hance, C. E. and Hutchings, M. J. (1983) Within-season fluctuations in mean fruit weight inLeontodon hispidus L.Annals Bot. 51, 545–9.

Gross, K. L. (1984) Effects of seed size and growth form on seedling establishment of six monocarpic perennial plants.J. Ecol. 72, 369–87.

Hamrick, J. L. (1979) Genetic variation and longevity. InTopics in Plant Population Biology (O. T. Solbrig, S. Jain, G. B. Johnson and P. H. Raven, eds) pp. 84–113. Columbia University Press, New York, USA.

Hardin, E. D. (1984) Variation in seed weight, number per capsule and germination inPopulus deltoides Bartr. trees in southeastern Ohio.Amer. Midl. Natur. 112, 29–34.

Harper, J. L., Lovell, P. H. and Moore, K. G. (1970) The shapes and sizes of seeds.Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1, 327–56.

Hendrix, S. D. (1984) Variation in seed weight and its effect on germination inPastinaca sativa L. (Umbelliferae).Amer. J. Bot. 71, 795–802.

Howe, H. F. and Richter, W. M. (1982) Effects of seed size on seedling size inVirola surinamensis: a within and between tree analysis.Oecologia 53, 347–51.

Janzen, D. H. (1977a) Variation in seed size within a crop of a Costa RicanMucuna andreana (Leguminosae).Amer. J. Bot. 64, 347–9.

Janzen, D. H. (1977b) Variation in seed weight in Costa RicanCassia grandis (Leguminosae).Trop. Ecol. 18, 117–86.

Janzen, D. H. (1978) Inter- and intra-crop variation in seed weight of Costa RicanAteleia herbert-smithii Pitt. (Leguminosae).Brenesia 14/15, 311–23.

Janzen, D. H. (1982a) Variation in average seed size and fruit readiness in a fruit crop of a guanacaste tree (Leguminosae:Enterolobium cyclocarpum).Amer. J. Bot. 69, 1169–78.

Janzen, D. H. (1982b) Weight of seeds in 1-3-seeded fruits ofLonchocarpus costaricensis (Leguminosae), a Costa Rican wind-dispersed tree.Brenesia 19/20, 363–8.

Jordano, P. (1984) Seed weight variation and differential avian dispersal in blackberriesRubus ulmifolius.Oikos 43, 149–53.

Lande, R. (1977) On comparing coefficients of variability.Syst. Zool. 26, 214–17.

Lewontin, R. C. (1966) On the measurement of relative variability.Syst. Zool. 15, 141–2.

Marshall, D. L., Fowler, N. L. and Levin, D. A. (1985) Plasticity in yield components in natural populations of three species ofSesbania.Ecology 66, 753–61.

Mazer, S. J., Snow, A. A. and Stanton, M. L. (1986) Fertilization dynamics and parental effects upon fruit development inRaphanus raphanistrum: consquences for seed size variation.Amer. J. Bot. 73, 500–11.

Mittelbach, G. and Gross, K. L. (1984) Experimental studies of seed predation in old-fields.Oecologia 65, 7–13.

Obeid, M., Machin, D. and Harper, J. L. (1967) Influence of density on plant to plant variation in fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)Crop Sci. 7, 471–3.

Primack, R. B. (1978) Regulation of seed yield inPlantago.J. Ecol. 66, 835–47.

Primack, R. B. Relationships among flowers, fruits, and seeds.Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16 (in press).

Salisbury, E. J. (1942)The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. Bell, London, UK.

Smith, C. C. and Fretwell, S. (1974) The optimal balance between size and number of offspring.Amer. Natur. 108, 499–506.

Sokal, R. R. and Braumann, C. A. (1980) Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles.Syst. Zool. 29, 50–66.

Stanton, M. L. (1984a) Seed variation in wild radish: effect of seed size on components of seedling and adult fitness.Ecology 65, 1105–12.

Stanton, M. L. (1984b) Developmental and genetic sources of seed weight variation inRaphanus raphanistrum L. (Brassicaceae).Amer. J. Bot. 71, 1090–8.

Stanton, M. L. (1985) Seed size and emergence time within a stand of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.): the establishment of a fitness hierarchy.Oecologia 67, 524–31.

Temme, D. H. (1986) Seed size variability: a consequence of variable genetic quality among offspring?Evolution 40, 414–17.

Thompson, J. N. (1984) Variation among individual seed masses inLomatium grayi (Umbelliferae) under controlled conditions: magnitude and partitioning of the variance.Ecology 65, 626–31.

Vander Kloet, S. P. and Tosh, D. (1984) Effects of pollen donors on seed production, seed weight, germination and seedling vigor inVaccinium corymbosum L.Amer. Midl. Natur. 112, 392–6.

Van Valen, L. (1978) The statistics of variation.Evol. Theory 4, 33–43.

Weller, S. G. (1985) Establishment ofLithospermum caroliniense on sand dunes: the role of nutlet mass.Ecology 66, 1893–901.

Zar, J. H. (1984)Biostatistical Analysis (2nd edn). Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.