Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abu-Rezq T, Al-Musallam L, Al-Shimmari J (1999) Optimum Production Conditions for Different High-Quality Marine Algae. Hydrobiologia 403:97–107
Achitouv E, Metzger P, Rager M-N (2004) C31–C34 methylated squalene from a Bolivian strain of Botryococcus braunii. Phytochem 65:3159–3165
Algae Biomass Summit (2007) http://www.wsgr.com/news/emailer/PDFs/algae_agenda07.pdf . Cited 30 Nov 2007
Alginet (2007) http://217.114.171.142/alginet/dblinks.html . Cited 5. December 2007
Amon T, Amon B, Kryvoruchko V (2007) Methane production through anaerobic digestion of various energy crops grown in sustainable crop rotations. Bioresource Technol 98:3204–3212
Anderson JP, Badruzsaufari E, Schenk PM et al (2004) Antagonistic interaction between abscisic acid and jasmonate-ethylene signaling pathways modulates defense gene expression and disease resistance. Plant Cell 16:3460–3479
Andrews TJ, Whitney SM (2003) Manipulating ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in the chloroplasts of higher plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 414:159–169
Apt KE, Kroth-Pancic PG, Grossman AR (1996) Stable nuclear transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mol Gen Genet 252:572–579
Arthur M, Dean W, Pratt L (1988) Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. Nature 335:714–717
Aslan S, Kapdan I (2006) Batch kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by algae. Ecol Eng 28:64–70
Atlantech (2007) http://www.atlantech.ca/public/products/filters.html . Cited 5 Dec 2007
Barbosa B, Jansen M, Ham N et al (2003a) Microalgae cultivation in air-lift reactors: modeling biomass yield and growth rate as a function of mixing frequency. Biotechnol Bioeng 82:170–179
Barbosa B, Albrecht M, Wijffels R (2003b) Hydrodynamic stress and lethal events in sparged microalgae cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 83:112–120
Barbosa B, Hadiyanto M, Wijffels R (2004) Overcoming shear stress of microalgae cultures in sparged photobioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 85:78–85
Becker EW (ed) (1994) Microalgae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Benemann J, Oswald W (1996) Systems and Economic Analysis of Microalgae Ponds for Conversion of CO2 to Biomass, Final Report to the US Department of Energy. Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center
Belkin S, Boussiba S (1991) Resistance of Spirulina platensis to ammonia at high pH values. Plant Cell Physiol 32:953–958
Biogas predictions (2007) http://www.energetik-leipzig.de/Biogas/Biogas.htm . Cited 2 Dec 2007
Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R (2007) Soil and crop response to harvesting corn residues for biofuel production. Geoderma 141:355–362
Boichenko VA, Hoffmann P (1994) Photosynthetic hydrogen production in prokaryotes and eukaryotes—occurrence, mechanism and functions. Photosynthetica 30:527–552
Borowitzka MA, Hallegraeff GM (2007) Economic importance of algae. In: McCarthy PM, Orchard AE (eds) Algae of Australia: introduction. ABRS, Canberra, pp 594–622
Boswell C, Sharma N, Sahi S (2002) Copper tolerance and accumulation potential of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 69:546–553
Bourne JK (2007) Green dreams. Natl Geographic 212(4):38–59
BP statistics (2007) http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview . Cited 30 Nov 2007
Bridgwater A, Maniatis K (2004) The production of biofuels by thermal chemical processing of biomass. In: Archer M, Barber J (eds) Molecular to global photosynthesis. Imperial College Press, London
Brown A, Knights B, Conway E (1969) Hydrocarbon content and its relationship to physiological state in the green alga Botryococcus braunii. Phytochem 8:543–547
Carlozzi P (2003) Dilution of solar radiation through “culture lamination” in photobioreactor rows facing south north: a way to improve the efficiency of light utilization. Biotechnol Bioeng 81:305–315
Casadevall E, Dif D, Largeau C et al (1985) Studies on batch and continuous cultures of Botryococcus braunii: hydrocarbon production in relation to physiological state, cell ultrastructure, and phosphate nutrition. Biotechnol Bioeng 27:286–295
Cho S, Ji SC, Hur S, Bae J, Park IS, Song YC (2007) Optimum temperature and salinity conditions for growth of green algae Chlorella ellipsoidea and Nannochloris oculata. Fish Sci 73:1050–1056
CIA World Factbook (2007) https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html . Cited 6 Dec 2007
Collard J-M, Matagne R (1990) Isolation and genetic analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains resistant to cadmium. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:2051–2055
Collard J-M, Matagne R (1994) Cd2+ Resistance in wild-type and mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Environ Exp Bot 34:235–244
Conklin PL, Pallanca JE, Last RL et al (1997) l-ascorbic acid metabolism in the ascorbate-deficient Arabidopsis mutant vtc1. Plant Physiol 115:1277–1285
Das D, Veziroglu TN (2001) Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature. Intern J Hydrogen Energy 26:13–28
Dayananda C, Sarada R, Bhattachary S et al (2005) Effect of media and culture conditions on growth and hydrocarbon production by Botryococcus braunii. Process Biochem 40:3125–3131
Dayananda C, Sarada R, Usha Rani M (2007) Autotrophic cultivation of Botryococcus braunii for the production of hydrocarbons and exopolysaccharides in various media. Biomass Bioenergy 31:87–93
Degen J, Uebele A, Retze A et al (2001) A novel airlift photobioreactor with baffles for improved light utilization through the flashing light effect. J Biotechnol 92:89–94
Dehesh K, Jones A, Knutzon DS et al (1996) Production of high levels of 8:0 and 10:0 fatty acids in transgenic canola by overexpression of Ch FatB2, a thioesterase cDNA from Cuphea hookeriana. Plant J 9:167–172
Deloménie C, Foti E, Floch E et al (2007) A new homolog of FocA transporters identified in cadmium-resistant Euglena gracilis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 358:455–461
Demain AL, Newcomb M, Wu JH (2005) Cellulase, clostridia, and ethanol. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 69:124–154
Doebbe A, Rupprecht J, Beckmann J et al (2007) Functional integration of the HUP1 hexose symporter gene into the genome of C. reinhardtii: impacts on biological H2 production. J Biotechnol 131:27–33
Dombrecht B, Xue GP, Edgar CI et al (2007) AtMYC2 modulates diverse jasmonate-dependent functions by coordination of a transcriptional cascade. Plant Cell 19:2225–2245
Dong QL, Zhao XM, Ma HW et al (2006) Metabolic flux analysis of the two astaxanthin-producing microorganisms Haematococcus pluvialis and Phaffia rhodozyma in the pure and mixed cultures. Biotechnol J 1:1283–1292
Doucha J, Straka F, Livansky K (2005) Utilization of flue gas for cultivation of microalgae (Chlorella sp.) in an outdoor open thin-layer photobioreactor. J Appl Phycol 17:403–412
Dunahay TG (1993) Transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with silicon carbide whiskers. Biotechniques 15:452–460
Dunahay TG, Adler SA, Jarvik JW (1997) Transformation of microalgae using silicon carbide whiskers. Methods Mol Biol 62:503–509
Dumitrescu M, Brassell S (2005) Biogeochemical assessment of sources of organic matter and paleoproductivity during the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198. Org Geochem 36:1002–1022
Eccleston VS, Ohlrogge JB (1998) Expression of lauroyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase in Brassica napus seeds induces pathways for both fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis and implies a set point for triacylglycerol accumulation. Plant Cell 10:613–622
Ecoworld (2007) http://www.ecoworld.com/home/articles2.cfm?tid=405 . Cited 10 December 2007
Elrad D, Grossman AR (2004) A genome’s-eye view of the light-harvesting polypeptides of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Curr Genetics 45:61–75
Eriksen N, Riisgård F, Gunther W et al (2007) On-line estimation of O2 production, CO2 uptake, and growth kinetics of microalgal cultures in a gas-tight photobioreactor. J Appl Phycol 19:161–174
FAO (2007) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. www.fao.org . Cited 6 Dec 2007
Fargasová A (1996) Inhibitive effect of organotin compounds on the chlorophyll content of the green freshwater alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57:99–106
Fernie AR, Geigenberger P, Stitt M (2005) Flux an important, but neglected, component of functional genomics. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:174–182
Forestier M, King P, Zhang LP et al (2003) Expression of two [Fe]-hydrogenases in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under anaerobic conditions. Europ J Biochem 270:2750–2758
Fukuda H, Kondo A, Noda H (2001) Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J Biosci Bioeng 92:405–416
Gaffron H, Rubin J (1942) Fermentative and photochemical production of hydrogen in algae. J Gen Physiol 26:219–240
García-Ríos V, Freile-Pelegrín Y, Robledo D et al (2007) Cell wall composition affects cd2+ accumulation and intracellular thiol peptides in marine red algae. Aquatic Toxicol 81:65–72
Gekeler W, Grill E, Winnacker E et al (1988) Algae sequester heavy metals via synthesis of phytochelatin complexes. Arch Microbiol 150:197–202
Ghirardi ML, Zhang JP, Lee JW et al (2000) Microalgae: a green source of renewable H2. Trends Biotechnol 18:506–511
Gillet S, Decottignies P, Chardonnet S et al (2006) Cadmium response and redoxin targets in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: a proteomic approach. Photosynthesis Res 89:201–211
Gollueke CG, Oswald WJ (1959) Biological conversion of light energy to the chemical energy of methane. Appl Microbiol 7:219–227
Graves DA, Tevault CV, Greenbaum E (1989) Control of photosynthetic reductant—the role of light and temperature on sustained hydrogen photoevolution by Chlamydomonas sp. in an anoxic, carbon dioxide-containing atmosphere. Photochem Photobiol 50:571–576
Grima E, Fernández F, Camacho F et al (1999) Photobioreactors: light regime, mass transfer, and scaleup. J Biotechnol 70:231–247
Grobbelaar JU, Nedbal L, Tichy V (1996) Influence of high frequency light/dark fluctuations on photosynthetic characteristics of microalgae photoacclimated to different light intensities and implications for mass algal cultivation. J Appl Phycol 8:335–343
Gudin C, Chaumont D (1991) Cell fragility—the key problem of microalgae mass production in closed photobioreactors. Bioresour Technol 38:145–151
Gunstone FD, Hilditch TP (1945) The union of gaseous oxygen with methyl oleate, linoleate and linolenate. J Chem Soc 105:836–841
Guschina IA, Harwood JL (2006) Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae. Progress Lipid Res 45:160–186
Hahn-Hägerdal B, Galbe M, Gorwa-Grauslund MF et al (2006) Bio-ethanol—the fuel of tomorrow from the residues of today. Trends Biotechnol 24:549–556
Hammouda O, Gaber A, Abdel-Raouf N (1995) Microalgae and wastewater treatment. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 31:205–210
Hankamer B, Lehr F, Rupprecht J et al (2007) Photosynthetic biomass and H2 production: From bioengineering to bioreactor scale up. Physiol Plantarum 131:10–21
Happe T, Naber JD (1993) Isolation, characterization and N-terminal amino-acid sequence of hydrogenase from the green-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur Biochem 214:475–481
Harris EH (1989) The Chlamydomonas sourcebook: a comprehensive guide to biology and laboratory use. Academic Press, San Diego
Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D et al (2006) Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Poc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:11206–11210
Horton P, Ruban A (2005) Molecular design of the photosystem II light-harvesting antenna: photosynthesis and photoprotection. J Exp Bot 56:365–373
Horton P, Ruban AV, Walters RG (1996) Regulation of light harvesting in green plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47:655–684
Huntley ME, Redalje DG (2006) CO2 mitigation and renewable oil from photosynthetic microbes: a new appraisal. Mitigation and Adaption Strategies for Global Change 12:573–608
IPCC (2007) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ‘AR4 Synthesis report’. www.ipcc.ch . Cited 30 Nov 2007
Janssen M, Slenders P, Tramper J et al (2001) Photosynthetic efficiency of Dunaliella tertiolecta under short light/dark cycles. Enzyme Microb Tech 29:298–305
Jo J, Lee D, Park J (2006) Modeling and optimization of photosynthetic hydrogen gas production by green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in sulfur-deprived circumstance. Biotechnol Progress 22:431–437
Kim J, Kang C, Park T et al (2006) Enhanced hydrogen production by controlling light intensity in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture. Intern J Hydrogen Energy 31:1585–1590
Kindle KL (1990) High-frequency nuclear transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1228–1232
Kirst G (1977) Ion composition of unicellular marine and freshwater algae, with special reference to Platymonas subcordiformis cultivated in media with different osmotic strengths. Oecologia 28:177–189
Kirst G (1990) Salinity tolerance of eukaryotic marine-algae. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41:21–53
Knothe G (2005) Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters. Fuel Processing Technol 86:1059–1070
Kosourov S, Patrusheva E, Ghirardi ML et al (2007) A comparison of hydrogen photoproduction by sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under different growth conditions. J Biotechnol 128:776–787
Kroth PG (2007) Genetic transformation: a tool to study protein targeting in diatoms. Methods Mol Biol 390:257–268
Kruse O, Rupprecht J, Bader K-P et al (2005a) Improved photobiological H2 production in engineered green algal cells. J Biol Chem 280:34170–34177
Kruse O, Rupprecht J, Mussgnug JR et al (2005b) Photosynthesis: a blueprint for solar energy capture and biohydrogen production technologies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 4:957–970
Kurano N, Ikemoto H, Miyashita H et al (1995) Fixation and utilization of carbon dioxide by microalgal photosynthesis. Energy Convers Manag 36:689–692
León-Bañares R, González-Ballester D, Galván A et al (2004) Transgenic microalgae as green cell-factories. Trends Biotechnol 22:45–52
Li X, Xu H, Wu Q (2007) Large-scale biodiesel production from microalga Chlorella protothecoides through heterotrophic cultivation in bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 98(4):764–771
Lindon JC, Holmes E, Nicholson JK (2004) Metabonomics and its role in drug development and disease diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 4:189–199
LOE (2007) http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=06-P13-00002&segmented=3 . Cited 30 November 2007
Mallick N (2002) Biotechnological potential of immobilized algae for wastewater N, P and metal removal: a review. Biometals 15:377–390
McElwain J, Wade-Murphy J, Hesselbo S (2005) Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into gondwana coals. Nature 435:479–482
McGrath KC, Dombrecht B, Manners JM et al (2005) Repressor- and activator-type ethylene response factors functioning in jasmonate signaling and disease resistance identified via a genomewide screen of Arabidopsis transcription factor gene expression. Plant Physiol 139:949–959
McHugh J, Spanier J (1994) Isolation of cadmium sensitive mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by transformation/insertional mutagenesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 124:239–244
Meiser A, Schmid-Staiger U, Trosch W (2004) Optimization of eicosapentaenoic acid production by Phaeodactylum tricornutum in the flat panel airlift (FPA) reactor. J Appl Phycol 16:215–225
Melis A (1999) Photosystem-II damage and repair cycle in chloroplasts: what modulates the rate of photodamage? Trends Plant Sci 4:130–135
Melis A, Zhang LP, Forestier M et al (2000) Sustained photobiological hydrogen gas production upon reversible inactivation of oxygen evolution in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol 122:127–136
Merchant S, Allen M, Kropat J (2006) Between a rock and a hard place: trace element nutrition in Chlamydomonas. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:578–594
Merchant SS, Prochnik SE, Vallon O et al (2007) The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 318:245–250
Metting F (1996) Biodiversity and application of microalgae. J Industrial Microbiol Biotechnol 17:477–489
Metzger P, Largeau C (2005) Botryococcus braunii: a rich source for hydrocarbons and related ether lipids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 66:486–496
Minglin L, Yuxiu Z, Tuanyao C (2005) Identification of genes up-regulated in response to Cd exposure in Brassica juncea L. Gene 363:151–158
Molina Grima EM, Fernandez FGA et al (1999) Photobioreactors: light regime, mass transfer, and scaleup. J Biotechnol 70:231–247
Molina Grima EM, Belarbi E-H, Acién Fernández FG et al (2002) Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnol Adv 20:491–515
MPOC (2007) Malaysian Palm Oil Counsel. In: Fact Sheets Malaysian Palm Oil. 6
Muñoz R, Guieysse B (2006) Algal–bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous contaminants: a review. Water Res 40:2799–2815
Mus F, Dubini A, Seibert M et al (2007) Anaerobic acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: anoxic gene expression, hydrogenase induction, and metabolic pathways. J Biol Chem 282:25475–25486
Mussgnug J, Thomas-Hall S, Rupprecht J et al (2007) Engineering photosynthetic light capture: Impacts on improved solar energy to biomass conversion. Plant Biotech J 5:802–814
Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Holmes E (1999) Metabonomics: understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data. Xenobiotica 29:1181–1189
Nicholson JK, Connelly J, Lindon JC et al (2002) Metabonomics: a platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1:153–161
Oilworld (2007) http://www.oilworld.biz . Cited 30 Nov 2007
Pachauri R (2007) http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/20/opinion/edscientists.php?WT.mc_id=rssopinion . Cited 30 Nov 2007
Paerl HW, Fulton RS 3rd, Moisander PH et al (2001) Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria. Scientific World Journal 1:76–113 Apr 4
Parry MAJ, Andralojc PJ, Mitchell RAC et al (2003) Manipulation of Rubisco: the amount, activity, function and regulation. J Exp Bot 54:1321–1333
Pascal AA, Liu Z, Broess K et al (2007) Molecular basis of photoprotection and control of photosynthetic light harvesting. Nature 436:134–137
Perner-Nochta I, Posten C (2007) Simulations of light intensity variation in photobioreactors. J Biotechnol 131:276–285
Pinto E, Siguad-Kutner T, Leitão M et al (2003) Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in algae. J Phycol 39:1008–1018
Polle JEW, Kanakagiri S, Jin E, Masuda T et al (2002) Truncated chlorophyll antenna size of the photosystems—a practical method to improve microalgal productivity and hydrogen production in mass culture. Int J Hydrogen Energy 27:1257–1264
Poulsen B, Iversen J (1999) Membrane sparger in bubble column, airlift, and combined membrane–ring sparger bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 64:452–458
Prochnow A, Heiermann M, Drenckhan A et al (2005) Seasonal Pattern of Biomethanisation of Grass from Landscape Management. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript EE 05 011. Vol. VII
Pulz O (2001) Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:287–293
Pulz O, Gross W (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65:635–648
Pulz O (2007) Performance Summary Report: Evaluation of GreenFuel’s 3D matrix Algae Growth Engineering Scale Unit
Ranga Rao A, Dayananda C, Sarada R et al (2007a) Effect of salinity on growth of green alga Botryococcus braunii and its constituents. Bioresource Technol 98:560–564
Ranga Rao A, Sarada R, Ravishankar G (2007b) Influence of CO2 on growth and hydrocarbon production in Botryococcus braunii. J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:414–419
Ratledge C (2004) Fatty acid biosynthesis in microorganisms being used for single cell oil production. Biochimie 86:807–815
Remacle C, Cardol P, Coosemans N et al (2006) High-efficiency biolistic transformation of Chlamydomonas mitochondria can be used to insert mutations in complex I genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:4771–4776
Reynolds CS (1984) The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Richmond A (1986) Outdoor mass cultures of microalgae. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of microalgal mass culture 1986. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 285–330
Richmond A (2004) Principles for attaining maximal microalgal productivity in photobioreactors: an overview. Hydrobiologia 512:33–37
Righelato R, Spracklen D (2007) Carbon mitigation by biofuels or by saving and restoring forests. Science 317:902
Rochaix J-D, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Merchant S (eds) (1998) The molecular biology of chloroplasts and mitochondria in Chlamydomonas. Dordrecht. Kluwer Academic Publishers
Rodhe W (1969) Crystallization of eutrophication concepts in northern Europe. In Eutrophication: causes, consequences, correctives. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, pp 50–64
Rosello Sastre R, Csögör Z, Perner-Nochta I et al (2007) Scale-down of microalgae cultivations in tubular photo-bioreactors—a conceptual approach. J Biotechnol 132:127–133
Rupprecht J, Hankamer B, Mussgnug JH et al (2006) Perspectives and advances of biological H2 production in microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotech 72:442–449
Sato T, Usui S, Tsuchiya Y et al (2006) Invention of outdoor closet type photobioreactor for microalgae. Energy Convers Manag 47:791–799
Sawayama S, Inoue S, Yokoyama S (1994) Continuous-culture of hydrocarbon-rich microalga Botryococcus braunii in secondarily treated sewage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 41:729–731
Sawayama S, Minowa T, Dote Y et al (1992) Growth of the hydrocarbon-rich microalga Botryococcus braunii in secondarily treated sewage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38:135–138
Schaub G, Kolb T, Steiger W (2007) Biofuels. Second-generation biofuels. Chemie Ingenieurtechnik 79:1325–1326
Schwender J, Goffman F, Ohlrogge JB et al (2004) Rubisco without the Calvin cycle improves the carbon efficiency of developing green seeds. Nature 432:779–782
Schwender J, Seemann M, Lichtenthaler HK et al (1996) Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (carotenoids, sterols, prenyl side-chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone) via a novel pyruvate/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate non-mevalonate pathway in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. Biochem J 316:73–80
Sellner KG, Doucette GJ, Kirkpatrick GJ (2003) Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 30:383–406
Shastri AA, Morgan JA (2007) A transient isotopic labeling methodology for 13C metabolic flux analysis of photoautotrophic microorganisms. Phytochem 68:2302–2312
Sheehan J, Dunahay T, Benemann J et al (1998) A look back at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program-biodiesel from algae. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Shi J, Podola B, Melkonian M (2007) Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater using microalgae immobilized on twin layers: an experimental study. J Appl Phycol 19:417–423
Shimogawara K, Fujiwara S, Grossman A et al (1998) High-efficiency transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by electroporation. Genetics 148:1821–1828
Singh Y, Kumar H (1992) Lipid and hydrocarbon production by Botryococcus spp. Under nitrogen limitation and anaerobiosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 8:121–124
Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E et al (2006) Commercial applications of microalgae. J Biosci Bioeng 101:87–96
Sriram G, Fulton DB, Iyer VV et al (2004) Quantification of compartmented metabolic fluxes in developing soybean embryos by employing biosynthetically directed fractional (13)C labeling, two-dimensional [(13)C, (1)H] nuclear magnetic resonance, and comprehensive isotopomer balancing. Plant Physiol 136:3043–3057
Stern N (2006) The Economics of Climate Change. HM Treasury, London
Stohs S, Bagchi D (1995) Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biol Med 18:321–336
Studier FW (2005) Protein production by auto-induction in high-density shaking cultures. Protein Expr Purif 41:207–234
Stumm S, Morgan J (1995) Aquatic Chemistry. New York, Wiley
Sun Y, Yang Z, Gao X et al (2005) Expression of foreign genes in Dunaliella by electroporation. Mol Biotechnol 30:185–192
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2002) Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, USA
Takagi M, Karseno, Yoshida T (2006) Effect of salt concentration on intracellular accumulation of lipids and triacylglyceride in marine microalgae Dunaliella cells. J Biosci Bioeng 101:223–226
Tanaka S, Suda Y, Ikeda K et al (2007) A novel gene with antisalt and anticadmium stress activities from a halotolerant marine green alga Chlamydomonas sp. W80. FEMS Microbiol Lett 271:48–52
The Economist (2006) Steady as she goes. in The Economist 379:65–67 (London)
Tredici MR (2003) Mass Production of Microalgae Photobioreactors. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of microalgal culture. Blackwell, USA, pp 178–214
Tripathi B, Gaur J (2004) Relationship between copper- and zinc-induced oxidative stress and proline accumulation in Scenedesmus sp. Planta 219:397–404
USDA (2007) US Department of Agriculture. www.usda.gov . Cited 6 Dec 2007
Vázquez-Duhalt R, Arredondo-Vega B (1991a) Haloadaptation of the green alga Botryococcus brauni. Phytochem 30:2919–2925
Vázquez-Duhalt R, Arredondo-Vega B (1991b) oil production from microalgae under saline stress. biomass for energy and industry. 5th E.C Conference. Vol.1: Policy, Environment, Production and Harvesting.Soeder, C., Massive cultivation of microalgae: results and prospects. Hydrobiologia, 1980. 72:pp. 197–209
VDI (2004) Vergärung organischer Stoffe. In:Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Guidelines 2004, Guideline VDI 4630, Düsseldorf, Germany
Villas-Bôas SG, Kesson M, Nielsen J (2005) Biosynthesis of glyoxylate from glycine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 5:703–709
Vymazal J (1987) Toxicity and accumulation of cadmium with respect to algae and cyanobacteria: a review. Toxic Assess 2:387–415
Vymazal J (1990a) Toxicity and accumulation of lead with respect to algae and cyanobacteria: a review. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 18:513–535
Vymazal J (1990b) Uptake of lead, chromium, cadmium and cobalt by Cladophora glomerata. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 44:468–472
Walker TL, Purton S, Becker DK, Collet C (2005) Microalgae as bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep 24:629–641
Wang T, Xue L, Hou W et al (2007) Increased expression of transgene in stably transformed cells of Dunaliella salina by matrix attachment regions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 76:651–657
Weiland P (2003) Production and energetic use of biogas from energy crops and wastes in Germany. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 109:263–274
Weissman J, Goebel RP, Benemann JR (1988) Photobioreactor design: mixing, carbon utilization, and oxygen accumulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 31:336–344
Weissman JC, Tillett DM (1992) Aquatic Species Project Report; NREL/MP-232-4174. In: Brown LM, Sprague S (eds) National Renewable Energy Laboratory pp 41–58
Westfalia (2007) http://www.westfalia-separator.com/en/about/aboutnews/newspressedetail.php?ID=1021 . Cited 6 Dec 2007
World Energy Council (2007) 2007 Survey of Energy Resources, executive summary. http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser2007_executive_summary.pdf . Cited 6 Dec 2007
Yang C, Hua Q, Shimizu K (2000) Energetics and carbon metabolism during growth of microalgal cells under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and cyclic light-autotrophic/dark-heterotrophic conditions. Biochem Eng J 6:87–102
Yang C, Hua Q, Shimizu K (2002) Metabolic flux analysis in Synechocystis using isotope distribution from 13C-labeled glucose. Metabolic Eng 4:202–216
Yoshimoto N, Sato T, Kondo Y (2005) Dynamic discrete model of flashing light effect in photosynthesis of microalgae. J Appl Phycol 17:207–214
Yoshimura K, Miyao K, Gaber A et al (2004) Enhancement of stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Chlamydomonas Glutathione peroxidase in chloroplasts or cytosol. Plant J 37:21–33
Yun Y, Lee S, Park J et al (1997) Carbon dioxide fixation by algal cultivation using wastewater nutrients. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 69:451–455
Zaslavskaia L, Lippmeier J, Shih C et al (2001) Trophic conversion of an obligate photoautotrophic organism through metabolic engineering. Science 292:2073–2075
Zhila N, Kalacheva G, Volova T (2005) Effect of nitrogen limitation on the growth and lipid composition of the green alga Botryococcus braunii Kütz IPPAS H-252. Russian J Plant Physiol 52(3):31–319
Zeiler KG, Heacox DA, Toon ST et al (1995) The use of microalgae for assimilation and utilization of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired power plant flue gas. Energy Convers Manag 36:707–712
Riekhof WR, Sears BB, Benning C (2005) Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr. Eukaryot Cell 4:242–252
Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Srivastava S, Mishra S, Shukla MK, Gupta AK, Sinha S, Baghel VS, Gupta DK (2006) Dominance of algae in Ganga water polluted through fly-ash leaching: metal bioaccumulation potential of selected algal species. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 77:427–436