Seasonal histophysiological study of the pineal gland in relation to gonadal and adrenal gland activities in adult domestic pigeon, Columba livia Gmelin
Tóm tắt
Some aspects of physiology related to the pineal gland in the adult male domestic pigeon, Columba livia Gmelin have been investigated. It was also correlated with the activity of the gonadal and adrenal glands by changing environmental conditions (e.g., seasonal photoperiods, temperature, humidity and rainfall). The maximum daily temperature was noticed in April and minimum in January, 2003. Pineal gland weights showed significant (F = 52.04, P < 0.01) annual variations with a maximum relative weight of the pineal gland being recorded in the month of July, when testicular relative weight was minimum. Testis and adrenal gland weights showed significant (F = 144.31, P < 0.01; F = 106.36, P < 0.01 respectively) annual variations with a maximum relative adrenal weight being recorded in the month of April, when testicular relative weight reaches a maximum value. Besides, assessment of pineal in relation to seasonal activity showed a completely inverse relationship with gonadal and adrenal gland. During the months of June–August and November–January, the testis remained in a state of atrophy. The rise in temperature contributed to rise in adrenal-gonadal function and reduced pineal function. Testicular weight peaked in March, April and May when the longest days and the highest temperatures prevailed and humidity was moderately low. A second testicular weight peak was also noticed in September and October when the temperature was also moderately high. These observations have been interpreted to suggest that two breeding and two nonbreeding phases are existed in the animal. Ultra structural study of the pineal gland and adrenocortical tissue indicate some features related to the breeding phase of pigeons. Within the pineal gland, mitochondria, dense cored vesicle with material and lipid droplets were found to be maximal within the pinealocyte cell cytoplasm of the regressive phase-I than the primary breeding phase. Golgi body and lysosomes were well defined. Furthermore, rough endoplasmic reticulum sacs were enlarged in size in the regressive phase-I. On the other hand, the number of mitochondria and cytoplasmic secretory granules within both the SCZ and CZ of the adrenocortical regions were found to be maximum during the primary breeding phase than the regressive phase-I. Extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum was found in the cytoplasm also. Furthermore, Golgi complex was enlarged within the breeding season.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Astheimer, L. B., Buttemes, W. A. and Wingfield, J. C. (1995). Seasonal and acute changes in adrenocortical responsiveness in an arctic-breeding bird. Horm. Behav. 29: 442–457.
Ayre, E. A., Wang, Z. P., Brown, G. M. and Pang, S. F. (1994). Localization and characterization of [125I] iodomelatonin binding sites in duck gonads. J. Pineal Res. 17: 39–47.
Bhattacharyya, T. K. and Ghosh, A. (1965). Seasonal histophysiologic study of the interrenal of the house sparrow. Acta., Biol. Hung. 16(1): 69–77.
Brown, G. M., Pang, C. S. and Pang, S. F. (1994). Binding sites for 2- [125I] iodomelatonin in the adrenal gland. Biol. Signals. 2: 91–98.
Chaturvedi, C. M. and Thapliyal, J. P. (1979). Comparative study of adrenal cycles in three species of the Indian birds (Athena brama, Acridotheres tristis and Coturnix coturnix). Ind. J. Expt. Biol. 17: 1049–1052.
David, G. F. X., Herbert, J. and Wright, C. D. S. (1973). The ultrastructure of the pineal ganglion in the ferret. J. Anat. 115: 79.
Deviche, P. (1983). Interactions between adrenal function and reproduction in male birds. In: ‘Avian Endocrinology: Environmental and ecological perspective’. Mikami, S. Al., (eds). pp. 243–254. Japan Sci. Soc. Press. Tokyo/Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Follett, B. K. and Maung, S. L. (1978). Rate of testicular maturation, in relation to gonadotrophin and testosterone levels, in quail exposed to various artificial photoperiods and to natural daylengths. J. Endocrinol. 78: 267–280.
Goldman, B. D. (2001). Mammalian photoperiodic system: formal properties and neuroendocrine mechanisms of photoperiodic time measurement. J. Biol. Rhythms. 16: 283–301.
Hardeland, R. and Fuhrberg. B. (1996). Ubiquitous melatonin — presence and effects in unicells, plants and animals. Trends Comp. Biochem. 2: 25–44.
Hartman, A. (1946). Adrenal and thyroid weights in birds. Auk. 63: 42–64.
Kerlan, J. T. and Jaffe, R. B. (1974). Plasma testosterone levels during the testicular cycles of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoencicens). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 22: 428–432.
King, J. R. (1970). Photoregulation of food intake and fat metabolism in relation to avian seasonal cycles. In: ‘La photoregulation de la reproduction chez les Oiseaux et les Mammiferes’. Benoit, J. and Assenmacher, I. (eds). pp. 365–397. Paris: Colloq. Intern. C. N. R. S.
Lofts, B. and Murton, R. K. (1967). The effects of cadmium on the avian testes. J. Reprod. Fert. 13: 155–164.
Lofts, B. and Murton, R. K. (1968). Photoperiodic and physiological adaptations regulating avian breeding cycles and their ecological significance. J. Zool., Lond. 155: 327–394.
Lorenzen, L. C. and Farner, D. S. (1964). An annual cycle in the interrenal tissue of the adrenal gland of the white crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 4: 253–263.
Macias, M., Escames, G. and Leon, J. (2003). Calreticulinmelatonin: an unexpected relationship. Eur. J. Biochem. 270: 832–840.
Marie-Laure, G. B., Sicard, B., Bothorel, B., Pitrosky, B., Ribelayga, C., Simonneaux, V., Pevet, P. and Viven-Roels, B. (2005). Environmental control and adrenergic regulation of pineal activity in the diurnal tropical rodent, Arvicanthis ansorgei. J. Pineal Res. 38: 189–197.
Marshall, A. J. (1951). The refractory period of testis rhythm in birds and its possible bearing on breeding and migration. Wilson Bull. 63: 238–261.
Marshall, A. J. (1970). Environmental factors other than light involved in the control of sexual cycles in birds and mammals. In: ‘La photoregulation de la reproduction chez les Oiseaux et les Mammiferes.’ Benoit, J. and Assenmacher, I. (eds). pp. 53–70. Paris: Colloq. Intern. C. R. S.
Messager, S., Caillol, M. and Martinet, L. (1999). Long-term exposure of hypothalamic explants to melatonin alters the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone and the density of melatonin binding sites in the pars tuberalis of the male mink (Mustela vison). J. Pineal Res. 26: 17–27.
Messager, S., Garabette, M. L., Hastings, M. H. and Hazlerigg, D. G. (2001). Tissue-specific abolition of Per1 expression in the pars tuberalis by pinealectomy in the Syrian hamster. Neuroreport. 12: 579–582.
Messager, S., Hazlerigg, D. G., Mercer, J. G. and Morgan, P. J. (2000). Photoperiod differentially regulates the expression of Per1 and ICER in the pars tuberalis and the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Siberian hamster. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12: 2865–2870.
Moens, L. and Coessens, R. (1970). Seasonal variations in the adrenal cortex cells of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus (L), with special reference to a possible zonation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 15: 95–100.
Murayama, T., Kawashima, M., Takahashi, T., Yasuoka, T., Kuwayama, T. and Tanaka, K. (1997). Direct action of melatonin on hen ovarian granulose cells to lower responsiveness to luteinizing hormone. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 215: 386–392.
Murton, R. K. (1975). Ecological adaptation in avian reproductive physiology. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 35: 149–175.
Nuesslein-Hidesheim, B., O’Brien, J. A., Ebling, F. J., Maywood, E. S. and Hastings, M. H. (2000). The circadian cycle of mPER clock gene products in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Siberian hamster encodes both daily and seasonal time. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12: 2856–2864.
Reiter, R.J. (1991). Pineal melatonin: Cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interaction. Endocrinol. Rev. 12: 151–180.
Schwart, W. J., de la lglesia, H. O., Zlomanczuk, P. and Illnerova, H. (2001). Encoding le Quattro Stagioni within the mammalian brain: photoperiodic orchestration through the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Pineal Rhythms. 16: 302–311.
Silverin, B. (1979). Activity of the adrenal glands in the pied flycatcher and its relation to testicular regression. Gen.Comp. Endocrinol. 38: 162–171.
Sing, S. S. and Haldar, C. (2007). Peripheral melatonin modulates seasonal immunity and reproduction of Indian tropical male bird (Perdicula asiatica). Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 146: 446–450.
Sing, S. S. and Haldar, C. (2005). Melatonin prevents testosteroneinduced suppression of immune parameters and splenocyte proliferation in Indian tropical jungle bush quail (Perdicula asiatica). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 141: 226–232.
Smith, M. J. and Brereton, L. G. (1976). Annual gonadal and adrenal cycles in the eastern rosella, Platycercus eximus (Psittaciformes: Platycercidae). Aust. J. Zool. 24: 541–556.
Sudhakumari, C. C. and Halder, C. (2001). Effects of photoperiod alterations on adrenocortical, pineal and gonadal activity in nocturnal bird, Athena brama and diurnal bird, Perdicula asiatica. Zool. Sci. 18: 71–79.
Sudhakumari, C. C., Halder, C. and Senthilkumaran, B. (2001). Seasonal changes in adrenal and gonadal activity in the quail (Perdicula asiatica): involvement of the pineal gland. Comp.Biochem. Physiol. 128: 793–804.
Thapliyal, J. P. (1981). Endocrinology of avian reproduction. Presidential address. Proc. 68 th session of the Indian Sci. Cong. Association. Part II. 1–30.
Weaver, D. R., Rivkees, S. A., Carlson, L. L. and Reppert, S. M. (1991). Localization of melatonin receptors in mammalian brain in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The mind’s clock (Klein, D.C., Moore, R. Y. and Reppert, S. M. eds.) pp. 289–308. Oxford University Press, New York.
Weil, J.M., Martin, L. B., Workman, J. L. and Nelson, R. J. (2006). Immune challenges retards seasonal reproductive regression in rodents: evidence for terminal investment. Biol. Lett. 2: 293–396.
Wingfield, J. C. and Farner, D. S. (1978). Reproductive endocrinology of the white crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis). Physiol. Zool. 51: 188–205.
Wurtman, R. J. and Phillips, L. S. (1963). Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland: control by light. Science. 142: 1071–1073.