Seasonal fluctuations of the Baltic Sea level
Tóm tắt
Seasonal annual (Sa) and seasonal semiannual (Ssa) fluctuations are the dominant feature of long-period sea level variability in the Baltic Sea. Long-term series of observations (monthly mean sea level data) from the PSMSL database are used to estimate amplitudes and phases and to reveal spatial and temporal variations. It was found that the variations of seasonal amplitudes were quite significant from year to year and synchronous both within the Baltic Sea and in the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits. Climatologically averaged amplitudes and phases were calculated from 74 tide gauges, and the maps of spatial variability of seasonal constituents are plotted. The annual harmonic of the sea level gradually increases from the entrance (Danish Straits) to the heads of gulfs. The maximum amplitude of 12.7 cm is observed in the heads of the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia. It is revealed that seasonal fluctuations in the Baltic Sea are caused by the zonal wind component.
Tài liệu tham khảo
V. M. Al’tshuler, “Sea Level Fluctuations and the Water Exchange in the Baltic Sea,” in Sea Level Fluctuations. Results of Studies of International Geophysical Projects (Radio i Svyaz’, Moscow, 1982) [in Russian].
V. N. Bokov, Yu. P. Klevantsov, V. A. Rozhkov, et al., “Annual Harmonic of the Baltic Sea Level Fluctuations,” Trudy GOIN, No. 207 (2000) [in Russian].
B. Vishnevski, “Seasonal and Long-term Fluctuations of the Baltic Sea Level,” in Sea Level Fluctuations. Results of Studies of International Geophysical Projects (Radio i Svyaz’, Moscow, 1982) [in Russian].
L. I. Galerkin, V. A. Shagin, and V. N. Nefed’ev, “Seasonal Sea Level Variations in Australian and Asian Seas,” Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, No. 60 (1962) [in Russian].
Hydrometeorology and Hydrochemistry of the USSR Seas, Vol. 3: The Baltic Sea, Issue 1: Hydrometeorological Conditions, Ed. by F. S. Terziev, V. A. Rozhkov, and A. I. Smirnova (Gidrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 1992) [in Russian].
E. A. Kulikov and I. P. Medvedev, “Variability of the Baltic Sea Level and Floods in the Gulf of Finland,” Okeanologiya, No. 2, 53 (2013) [Oceanology, No. 2, 53 (2013)].
E. A. Kulikov, I. P. Medvedev, and K. P. Koltermann, “A Role of Barotropic Water Exchange in the Baltic Sea Level Spectrum Formation,” Okeanologiya, No. 1, 55 (2015) [Oceanology, No. 1, 55 (2015)].
I. V. Maksimov, Geophysical Forces and Ocean Water (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1970) [in Russian].
I. P. Medvedev, A. B. Rabinovich, and E. A. Kulikov, “Tidal Oscillations in the Baltic Sea,” Okeanologiya, No. 5, 53 (2013) [Oceanology, No. 5, 53 (2013)].
I. P. Medvedev, A. B. Rabinovich, and E. A. Kulikov, “Pole Tide in the Baltic Sea,” Okeanologiya, No. 2, 54 (2014) [Oceanology, No. 2, 54 (2014)].
G. P. Compo, J. S. Whitaker, P. D. Sardeshmukh, et al., “The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project,” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137 (2011).
M. Ekman, “A Common Pattern for International and Periodical Sea Level Variations in the Baltic Sea and Adjacent Waters,” Geophysica, 32 (1996).
W. J. Emery and R. E. Thomson, Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography (Elsevier, New York, 2003).
S. J. Holgate, A. Matthews, P. I. Woodworth, et al., “New Data Systems and Products at the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level,” J. Coast. Res., No. 3, 29 (2013).
E. Lisitzin, Sea-Level Changes (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1974).
B. B. Parker, Tidal Analysis and Prediction, NOAA Special Publication NOS CO-OPS3 (Silver Spring, Maryland, 2007).
J. Pattullo, W. Munk, R. Revelle, and E. Strong, “The Seasonal Oscillations in Sea Level,” J. Mar. Res., 14 (1955).
D. T. Pugh, Tides, Surges and Mean Sea Level (John Wiley, Chichester, 1987).
M. N. Tsimplis, R. A. Flather, and J. M. Vassie, “The North Sea Pole Tide Described through a Tide-surge Numerical Model,” Geophys. Res. Lett., No. 6, 21 (1994).