Sea-salt optical properties and GCM forcing at solar wavelengths

Abdella, 1996, Parameterization of surface layer exchange coefficients in atmospheric models, Boundary - Layer Meteorol., 80, 223, 10.1007/BF00119544 Boer, 1995, Some dynamical consequences of greenhouse gas warming, Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 731, 10.1080/07055900.1995.9649551 Boer, 1992, Greenhouse gas-induced climate change simulated with the CCC second-generation general circulation model, J. Clim., 5, 1045, 10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<1045:GGCCSW>2.0.CO;2 Boucher, 1995, General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26117, 10.1029/95JD02531 Bruggeman, 1935, Gerechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Subsganzen, Ann. Phys. (Leipz.), 24, 636, 10.1002/andp.19354160705 Charlson, 1992, Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 255, 423, 10.1126/science.255.5043.423 Chylek, 1995, Effect of absorbing aerosols on global radiation budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 929, 10.1029/95GL00800 Chylek, 2000, Effective medium approximations for heterogeneous particles, 273 Coakley, 1974, The two-stream approximation in radiative transfer: including the angle of the incident radiation, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 409, 10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0409:TTSAIR>2.0.CO;2 d'Almeida, 1991 de Angelis, 1997, Primary aerosol (sea-salt and soil dust) deposited in Greenland ice during the last climatic cycle: comparison with east Antarctic records, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26681, 10.1029/97JC01298 Downing, 1975, Optical constants of water in the infrared, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1656, 10.1029/JC080i012p01656 Ebert, 1992, A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831, 10.1029/91JD02472 Erickson, 1986, Seasonal estimates of global atmospheric sea-salt distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1067, 10.1029/JD091iD01p01067 Fullard, 1976 Fung, 1983, Three-dimensional tracer model study of atmospheric CO2: response to seasonal exchanges with the terrestrial biosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 1281, 10.1029/JC088iC02p01281 Gerber, H.E. Relative humidity parameterization of the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM). NRL Report 8956, December 30, 1985. Gerber, 1991, Supersaturation and droplet spectral evolution in fog, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2569, 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<2569:SADSEI>2.0.CO;2 Hale, 1973, Optical constants of water in the 200 nm to 200 μm wavelength region, Appl. Opt., 12, 555, 10.1364/AO.12.000555 Haywood, 1997, Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1907, 10.1002/qj.49712354307 Haywood, 1997, General circulation model calculations of the direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and fossil-fuel soot aerosol, J. Clim., 10, 1562, 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1562:GCMCOT>2.0.CO;2 Haywood, 1999, Tropospheric aerosol climate forcing in clear-sky satellite observations over the oceans, Science, 283, 1299, 10.1126/science.283.5406.1299 Holzer, 1996, Optimal spectral topography and its effect on model climate, J. Clim., 9, 2443, 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2443:OSTAIE>2.0.CO;2 Hoppel, 1990, Aerosol size distributions and optical properties found in the marine boundary layer over the Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3659, 10.1029/JD095iD04p03659 Junge, 1972, Our knowledge of the physico-chemistry of aerosols in the undisturbed marine environment, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5183, 10.1029/JC077i027p05183 Kiehl, 1993, The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing, Science, 260, 311, 10.1126/science.260.5106.311 Kou, 1993, Refractive indices of water and ice in the 0.65–2.5 μm spectral range, Appl. Opt., 32, 3531, 10.1364/AO.32.003531 Lohmann, 1997, Impact of sulfate aerosol on albedo and lifetime of clouds: a sensitivity study with the ECHAM4 GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13685, 10.1029/97JD00631 Molenkamp, 1996, The global distribution of sulfate aerosols calculated with the GRANTOUR/ECHAM coupled model, 89 Monahan, 1986, A model of marine aerosol generation via whitecaps and wave disruption, 167 O'Dowd, 1993, Physicochemical properties of aerosols over the northeast Atlantic: evidence for wind-speed relative submicron sea-salt aerosol production, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1137, 10.1029/92JD02302 Peixoto, 1992 Penner, 1993, Towards the development of a global inventory of black carbon emissions, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 1277, 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90255-W Sandwell, 1984, Seasonal variation in wind speed and sea state from global satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 2041, 10.1029/JC089iC02p02041 Shettle, E.P., Fenn, R.W., 1979. Models for aerosols of the lower atmosphere and the effects of relative humidity variations on their optical properties. Environmental Research Paper, no. 675, NTIS ADA 085951, AFGL-TR-79-0214. Slingo, 1989, A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419, 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<1419:AGPFTS>2.0.CO;2 Tang, 1997, Thermodynamic and optical properties of sea-salt aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23269, 10.1029/97JD01806 Taylor, 1994, Response of the climate system to atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases, Nature, 369, 734, 10.1038/369734a0 Tegen, 1996, The influence of climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils, Nature, 380, 419, 10.1038/380419a0 Tegen, 1997, Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: estimates from model results, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23895, 10.1029/97JD01864 Verseghy, 1993, A Canadian land-surface scheme for GCMs. S. Vegetation model and coupled runs, Int. J. Climatol., 13, 347, 10.1002/joc.3370130402 Wallace, 1997 Winter, 1997, Contribution of sea-salt aerosol to the planetary clear-sky albedo, Tellus, 49B, 72, 10.1034/j.1600-0889.49.issue1.5.x 1983 Zhang, 1995, Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the CCC GCM, Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 4097, 10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539