Scientists’ personality, values, and well-being
Tóm tắt
Scientists play an important role in modern society. However, only a small number of their psychological characteristics, such as personality traits, have been investigated; hence, further investigation is required. In this study, scientists (n = 24) and non-scientist controls (n = 26) were assessed with respect to their five-factor personality traits, 10 basic values, and subjective well-being (subjective happiness and sense of purpose in life). Compared with the non-scientist control group and with normative data of laypeople, the scientists consistently exhibited greater openness (i.e., traits related to curiosity and intelligence), self-direction (i.e., values related to the pursuit of curiosity, creativity, and autonomous action), happiness, and sense of purpose in life. These data indicate that scientists possess personality traits and values suitable for a career in science, from which they also derive subjective well-being.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E (2001) The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord 31:5–17
Barrick MR, Mount MK (1991) The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis. Pers Psychol 44:1–26
Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Aaker JL, Garbinsky EN (2013) Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. J Pos Psychol 8:505–516
Broad W, Wade N (1982) Betrayers of the truth: Fraud and deceit in the halls of science. Simon & Schuster, New York
Crumbaugh JC, Maholick LT (1964) An experimental study in existentialism: the psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. J Clin Psychol 20:200–207
Dweck CS (1986) Motivational processes affecting learning. Am Psychol 41:1040–1048
Feist GJ (1997) Quantity, quality, and depth of research as influences on scientific eminence: is quantity most important? Creat Res J 10:325–335
Feist GJ (1998) A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2:290–309
Feist GJ (2006a) Psychology of science as a new subdiscipline in psychology. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 20:330–334
Feist GJ (2006b) The past and future of the psychology of science. Rev Gen Psychol 10:92–97
Feist GJ (2006c) How development and personality influence scientific thought, interest, and achievement. Rev Gen Psychol 10:163–182
Feist GJ, Gorman ME (1998) The psychology of science: review and integration of a nascent discipline. Rev Gen Psychol 2:3–47
French S, Joseph S (1999) Religiosity and its association with happiness, purpose in life, and self-actualization. Ment Health Relig Cult 2:117–120
Grosul M, Feist GJ (2014) The creative person in science. Psychol Aesthet Creat Arts 8:30–43
Holland JL (1985) Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Houts AC (1989) Contributions of the psychology of science to metascience: A call for explorers. In: Gholson B, Shadish WR Jr, Neimeyer RA, Houts AC (eds) Psychology of science: Contributions to metascience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 47–88
Jindal-Snape D, Snape JB (2006) Motivation of scientists in a government research institute: scientists’ perceptions and the role of management. Manag Decis 44:1325–1343
Kauppinen A (2013) Meaning and happiness. Philosophical Topics 41:161–185
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-ofonset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatr 62:593–602
Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2010) The functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Discov Med 9:579–587
Lounsbury JW, Foster N, Patel H, Carmody P, Gibson LW, Stairs DR (2012) An investigation of the personality traits of scientists versus nonscientists and their relationship with career satisfaction. R&D Manag 42:47–59
Ludwig A (1995) The price of greatness: resolving the creativity and madness. Guilford, New York
Lyubomirsky S, Lepper H (1999) A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Soc Indic Res 46:137–155
Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E (2005) The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychol Bull 131:803–855
McClelland D (1962) On the psychodynamics of creative physical scientists. In: Gruber H, Terrell G, Wertheimer M (eds) Contemporary approaches to creative thinking. Atherton, New York, pp 141–174
McClelland D, Atkinson JW, Clark RA, Lowell EL (1953) The achievement motive. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Nicholls JG (1984) Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychol Rev 91:328–346
Parks-Leduc L, Feldman G, Bardi A (2015) Personality traits and personal values: a meta-analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 19:3–29
Polanyi M (1958) Personal knowledge: Towards a post-critical philosophy. The Unviersity of Chicago Press, Chicago
Pytlik LA, Hemenover SH, Dienstbier RD (2002) What do we assess when we assess a Big 5 trait? A content analysis of the affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes represented in Big 5 personality inventories. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28:847–858
Rawlings D, Locarnini A (2008) Dimensional schizotypy, autism, and unusual word associations in artists and scientists. J Res Pers 42:465–471
Roccas S, Sagiv L, Schwartz SH, Knafo A (2002) The Big Five personality factors and personal values. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 28:789–801
Russell B (1930) The conquest of happiness. George Allen & Unwin, London
Ryff CD (1989) Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol 57:1069–1081
Sato F (1986) A study on purpose-in-lif test (PIL) I. Artes liberales 39:125–140
Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Kubota Y, Sawada R, Yoshimura S, Toichi M (2015) The structural neural substrate of subjective happiness. Sci Rep 5:16891
Schwartz SH (1992) Universals in the content and structure of values: theory and empiric al tests in 20 countries. In: Zanna M (ed) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25). Academic Press, New York
Schwartz SH (2006) Basic human values: theory, measurement, and applications. Revue francaise de sociologie 42:249–288
Schwartz SH (2012) An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Read Psychol Cult 2:1–20
Schwartz SH, Melech G, Lehmann A, Burgess S, Harris M (2001) Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. J Cross Cult Psychol 32:519–542
Shadish WR Jr, Houts AC, Gholson B, Neimeyer RA (1989) The psychology of science: An introduction. In: Gholson B, Shadish WR Jr, Neimeyer RA, Houts AC (eds) Psychology of science: contributions to metascience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–16
Shimai S, Otake K, Utsuki N, Ikemi A, Lyubomirsky S (2004) Development of a Japanese version of the subjective happiness scale (SHS), and examination of its validity and reliability. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 51:845–853
Soldner T (2013) Personality, values, and cultural perceptions in the sojourner context: A new perspective on acculturation in Germany, Japan, and the US. Digitale dissertation, Humboldt-Universitat Berlin
Vecchione M, Alessandri G, Barbaranelli C, Caprara G (2011) Higher-order factors of the big five and basic values: empirical and theoretical relations. Br J Psychol 102:478–498
Weber M (1922) Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre. J.C.B, Mohr
Wnuk M, Marcinkowsk JT, Fobair P (2012) The relationship of purpose in life and hope in shaping happiness among patients with cancer in Poland. J Psychosoc Oncol 30:461–483
Wolpert L, Richards A (1997) Passionate minds: the inner world of scientists. Oxford University Press, Oxford