Science, technical expertise and the human environment

Aucoin, 1995 1997 Barret, 2002, Defining a safe genetically modified organism: boundaries of scientific risk assessment, Science and Public Policy, 29, 46, 10.3152/147154302781781128 Beckler, 1991, A decision-maker's guide to science advising, 28 Bimber, 1996 Biskupic, 1999, Trial judges told to screen experts, Washington Post, A02 Bovens, 1996 Chopyak, 2002, Public participation in science and technology decision making: trends for the future, Technology in Society, 24, 155, 10.1016/S0160-791X(01)00051-3 Chubin, 1996, Reculturing science—politics, policy, and promises to keep, Science and Public Policy, 23, 2, 10.1093/spp/23.1.2 Coates, 1996, The politics of expertise in Congress—the rise and fall of the office of technology assessment, Technology Forecasting and Social Change, 53, 309, 10.1016/S0040-1625(96)00089-3 Collins, P., 1998. The role of academics in advising national governments. Background Report to a Seminar Organised by the Interacademy Panel on International Issues hosted by the Caribbean Academy of Science, Trinidad, 27, September 10. Colyer, P., 1994. The Influences of Administrative and Political Cultures on Science Policy. In a conference on Scientific Expertise in European Public Policy Debate. London School of Economics and Political Science, 14–15 September 1994. Provisional Abstracts. Day, P., Klein, R., 1987. Accountabilities: Five Public Services Tavistock London. De Jong, 2001, Policy and science: options for democratisation in European countries, Science and Public Policy, 24, 403, 10.3152/147154301781781228 Doble, 1996, Productive policy depends on public's understanding of scientific issues, The Scientist, June, 24, 9 Douglas, 1992 Dovers, S., 1996. Processes and Institutions to Inform Decisions in the Longer Term. Institute of Environmental Studies. Tracking Processes: Linking Environment and Economy Through Indicators and Accounting Systems, Conference Papers. 1996 Australian Academy of Science Fenner Conference on the Environment. Institute of Environmental Studies, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, 30 September to 3 October 1996. Edwards, 1999, Scientific Expertise and policy-making: the intermediary role of the public sphere, Science and Public Policy, 26, 163, 10.3152/147154399781782473 Fisk, 1998, Environmental science and environmental law, Journal of Environmental Law, 10, 3, 10.1093/jel/10.1.3 Fixal, 1997, Consensus conferences as extended peer groups, Science and Public Policy, 24, 366 1991 Halliwell, J.E., Smith, W., Current Principles and Practices of Federal Science Based Departments and Provincial Governments. Report of the Council of Science and Technology Advisers, Ottawa, p. 210. Healy, 2001, Privileging process over fact: the Sydney water scare as organised irresponsibility, Science and Public Policy, 28, 123, 10.3152/147154301781781534 Hellstrom, 2000, Technoscientific expertise and the significance of policy cultures, Technology in Society, 22, 499, 10.1016/S0160-791X(00)00023-3 Holton, 1993 Horlick-Jones, T. An introduction to the conference themes. a conference on scientific expertise in european public policy debate. London School of Economics and Political Science, September 14–15. Provisional Abstracts. p. 7. House of Lords, Select Committee on Science and Technology, 2000. Third Report, Science and Society, February. 1983 Hutchings, 1997, Is scientific inquiry incompatible with government information control?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 54, 1198, 10.1139/f97-051 Irwin, 1995 Joss, 1998, Danish consensus conferences as a model of participating technology assessment: an impact study of consensus conferences on Danish Parliament and Danish public debate, Science and Public Policy, 1, 2 Long, 1999 Lowe, 1997, Suspicion of the media remains an issue, New Scientist, 19, 53 Ludwig, 1993, Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history, Science, v260, 17, 10.1126/science.260.5104.17 Massam, 1993 Mehta, 2001, Social, political, legal and ethical areas of inquiry in biotechnology and genetic engineering, Science and Public Policy, 23, 241 Millstone, 2001, Politics of expert advice: lessons from the early history of the BSE saga, Science and Public Policy, 28, 99, 10.3152/147154301781781543 1995 Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 1998a. Independent science panels: a handbook of guidelines for their establishment and operations. Report 76, Wellington. Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 1998b. Expert Panel members and law regarding the offering of advice and decision making. Report 79 (prepared by R. Macfarlane), Wellington. 1983 National Research Council, 1998. Improving the use of science, technology, and expertise in US foreign policy. An Interim Report. Washington, DC, USA. Newby, 1992, ISPF annual lecture. One society, one Wissenschaft: a 21st century vision, Science and Public Policy, 1, 7 1996 1997 1998 1998, Committee Inquiry into the Scientific Advisory System, Memorandum to the House of Commons Scientific and Technology Mimeo, 15 2001 2001 Passmore, 1978 1997 Powell, 1997 Ravetz, 1986, Useable knowledge, useable ignorance: incomplete science with policy implications, 415 Romzek, 1987, Accountability in the public sector: lessons from the challenger tragedy, Public Administration Review, 47, 227, 10.2307/975901 Salter, 1988 Sclove, 1998, Better approaches to science policy, Science, 279, 1283, 10.1126/science.279.5355.1283a Smith, 1997 Smith, 1998 Smith, W., 2001a. Measuring and ensuring excellence in government science and technology: international practices (New Zealand and Australia). Report in Support of the Work of the Council of Science and Technology Advisers (Canada). Ottawa. Smith, 2001 Smith, W., Halliwell, J., 1999. Principles and practices for using scientific advice in government decision making: international best practices. Report to the S&T Strategy Directorate, Industry Canada. Smithson, 1989 Stocker, J., 1997. Priority matters. A Report to the Minister for Science and Technology, on Arrangements for Commonwealth Science and Technology. Australia. Unlocking our future: towards a new national science policy, 1998. A Report to Congress by the House Committee on Science. Washington, DC. Weale, 2001, Science advice, democratic responsiveness and public policy, Science and Public Policy, 28, 413, 10.3152/147154301781781237 Weingart, 1999, Scientific expertise and political accountability: paradoxes of science in politics, Science and Public Policy, 26, 151, 10.3152/147154399781782437 Adams, 1995 Agnew, 1998, NIH embraces citizens' council to cool debate on priorities, Science, 282, 18, 10.1126/science.282.5386.18 Anon, 1996, Assessing environmental risks: why science alone is not enough, Public Policy Issues, Greenpeace Business, February/March, 7 Armour, 1984 Aronowitz, 1988 1993 Ball, D.J., Stern, R.M., 1992. Risk Communication: Dealing with the Spectrum of Environment and Health Risks in Europe. Report of a World Health Organisation Consultation, Ulm, 28–30 November 1990. Centre for Environmental Risk Management, World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre on Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Communication. Research Report No 11, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia. 1993 Baum, 1995, Science is still built on trust, Chemical and Engineering News, February, 27, 48, 10.1021/cen-v073n009.p048 Beck, 1992 Bernstein, 1955 Bloor, 1976 Boehmer-Christiansen, S., 1994. Reflections on scientific advice and ec transboundary pollution policy or the many uses of scientific expertise, (17p) In a Conference on Scientific Expertise in European Public Policy Debate. London School of Economics and Political Science, 14–15 September 1994. Provisional Abstracts. Branscomb, 1993, Science and technology advice to the US Government—deficiencies and alternatives, Science and Public Policy, 20, 67, 10.1093/spp/20.2.67 Breyman, 1997 Breyer, 1993 Brickman, 1985 Bromley, 1991, Forward: science advice in a global context., 6 Bromley, 1993, On the theory and practice of giving science advice to government, Science and Public Policy, 20, 127, 10.1093/spp/20.2.127 Brown, 1993, When the public knows better: popular epidemiology challenges the system, Environment, 35, 16, 10.1080/00139157.1993.9929114 Brundtland, 1997, The scientific underpinning of policy, Science, 277, 457, 10.1126/science.277.5325.457 Butler, 1997, Europe reshuffles its scientific committees following BSE crisis, Nature, 385, 664, 10.1038/385664a0 Buwalda, 1998, The foresight project—science and technology priorities for a knowledge society, Public Sector, 21, 5 Caldwell, 1996, Scientific assumptions and misplaced certainty in natural resources and environmental problem solving, 394 Canada, 1998. Report of the Auditor General to the House of Commons. Chapter 22, The Federal Science and Technology Strategy: A Review of Progress, Ottawa. Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government, 1991. Science, Technology and Congress: Expert Advice and the Decision-Making Process. New York. Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government, 1992. International Environmental Research and Assessment. New York. Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government, 1993. Facing towards governments–nongovernmental organisations and scientific and technical advice. Carnegie Commission, New York. Carson, 1998, Sydney water contamination crisis: manufacturing dissent, Science and Public Policy, 25, 265 Chafetz, 1996 Chelimsky, 1991, On social science contribution to government decision-making, Science, 254, 226, 10.1126/science.254.5029.226 Christie, 1991, The role of law and science in the resolution of disputes over factual evidence, Environmental and Planning Law Journal, 8, 200 Clark, 1985, The critical appraisal of scientific inquiries with policy implications, Science, Technology and Human Values, 10, 6, 10.1177/016224398501000302 Colborn, 1996 Collingridge, 1992 Collingridge, 1986 Collingridge, 1983 Collins, 1985 Coull, J.R., 1987. From monitoring to management: the utilisation of the fishery resources of the North Sea. Proceedings of the 14th New Zealand Geography Conference and 56th ANZAA, pp. 228–235. Coull, 1992, A comparison of fisheries policy and management in the European community and Eastern Canada, Ocean and Coastal Management, 18, 351, 10.1016/0964-5691(92)90036-K 1995 Department of Industry, Science and Tourism, 1997. Science and Technology Budget Statement 1997–1998. Canberra. Department of Industry, Science and Tourism, 1988. Science and Technology Budget Statement 1998–1999. Canberra. Doern, 1981 Dufour, 1999, Canada Easton, B., 1997. Science Policy, The Commercialisation of New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand. Chapter 14, pp. 230–239. Edelstein, 1988 Ehrlich, 1993, Science and the management of natural resources, Ecological Applications, 3, 558, 10.2307/1942078 European Commission (DG24), 1998. Guidelines on the application of the precautionary principle. Brussels (draft paper). European Science and Technology Forum, 1994. Scientific Expertise in European Public Policy Debate. London. Fairclough, 1991, Science policy in the United Kingdom, 382 Fischer, 1993, Citizen participation and the democratization of policy expertise: from theoretical inquiry to practical cases, Policy Sciences, 26, 165, 10.1007/BF00999715 Fischer, 1990 Fischoff, 1978, How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits, Policy Sciences, 9, 127, 10.1007/BF00143739 Fleck, 1979 Foster, 1993 Frankena, 1992 Frey, 1996, Fair sitting procedures: an empirical analysis of their importance and characteristics, Journal of Policy, Analysis and Management, 15, 353, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199622)15:3<353::AID-PAM2>3.0.CO;2-H Frodeman, 2000, Science and the public self, Technology in Society, 22, 341, 10.1016/S0160-791X(00)00019-1 Funtowicz, 1993, The emergence of post-normal science, 85 Greene, 1997, What cannot be said in science, Nature, 388, 619, 10.1038/41642 Gummot, 1994, Lacking a theory of expert advice, Science and Public Policy, 21, 64 Guston, 1996, Principal-agent theory and the structure of science policy, Science and Public Policy, 23, 229 Ham, 1993 Harding, 1993 Harman, 1998, Balancing scientific and ethical values in environmental science, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 277, 10.1111/1467-8306.00094 Health and Safety Executive, 1995. Generic Terms and Concepts in the Assessment and Regulation of Industrial Risk, Washington. Henderson-Sellers, 1998, Communicating science ethically—is the balance achievable?, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 301, 10.1111/1467-8306.00098 Hood, 1992 1998 Howard, J., 1997. Hormone-mimicking pollutants sustainability, and the limits of science. Presentation at the 1997 Conference of the Society for Social Studies of Science, Tuscan, Arizona, October 1997. Howard, 1998, A healthy public service is a vital part of Australia's democratic system of government, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 57, 3, 10.1111/1467-8500.00001 Howden-Chapman, 1998, Risk, uncertainty and post normal science: towards better policy, New Zealand Science Review, 55, 11 Huber, 1991 1996 James, 2000 Jarvis, B., 1998. A question of balance—new approaches for science based regulations. Paper for the Conference on Science, Government and Global Markets. The State of Canada's Science-Based Regulatory Institutions, Carleton Research Unit on Innovation, Science and Environment. Mimeo, 41 pp. Jarvis, B., 1998. The role and responsibilities of the scientist in public policy. A discussion paper on science and government. Public Policy Forum, Ottawa. Jasanoff, 1990 Jasanoff, 1995 Jasanoff, 1997, Civilisation and Madness: The great BSE scare of 1996, Public Understanding of Science, 6, 221, 10.1088/0963-6625/6/3/002 1995 Kass, 2000, Public debate on science and technology: issues for legislators, Science and Public Policy, 27, 321, 10.3152/147154300781781797 Kollek, 1993, Controversies about risks and their relation to different paradigms in biological research, 27 Laird, 1989, The decline of deference: the political context of risk communication, Risk Analysis, 4, 543, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1989.tb01265.x Laird, 1990, Technocracy revisited, Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4, 49, 10.1177/108602669000400103 Lange, 1998, With the benefit of foresight and a little help from hindsight, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 57, 12, 10.1111/1467-8500.00002 1996 Legat, 1997, Veil of fears—is the Tussock moth spray making people sick?, North and South, July, 59 1996 Lindblom, 1979 Lindblom, 1990 Lindblom, 1993 Lofstedt, 1995, Why are public perception studies on the environment ignored?, Global Environmental Change, 2, 83, 10.1016/0959-3780(95)00020-O Longino, 1990 Lubchenco, 1998, Entering the century of the environment: a new social contract for science, Science, 279, 491, 10.1126/science.279.5350.491 Lukes, 1974 MacCoun, 1996, Assessing alternative drug control regimes, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management., 15, 330, 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199622)15:3<330::AID-PAM1>3.0.CO;2-J MacRae, 1997 Management Advisory Board and Management Improvement Advisory Committee, 1996. Guidelines for managing risk in the Australian public service, Report 22, Canberra. Marris, C., Langford, I., O'Riordan, T., 1996. Integrating Sociological and Psychological Approaches to Public Perceptions of Environmental Risks: Detailed Results from a Questionnaire Survey. CSERGE Working Paper GEC 96-07. Centre for Social and Economic Research on Global Environment, University of East Anglia. Martin, 1996 Martin, 1996, The impact of MMP on policy development and advice, Public Sector, 2, 17 May, 1997 Mazur, A., Disputes Between Experts. Minerva. 11. pp. 243–263. McCully, 1996 Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, 1996. RS&T: 2010 Strategic Overview. Wellington. Mohr, 2002, Of being seen to do the right thing: provisional findings from the first Australian consensus conference on gene technology in the food chain, Science and Public Policy, 29, 2, 10.3152/147154302781781155 Morone, 1989 Morone, 1986 Mukerji, 1989 National Institute of Health, 1998. Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs. USA. 1983 Natural Environment Research Council, 1996. Scientific group on decommissioning offshore structures. First Report—for the Department of Trade and Industry, Swindon, Wiltshire. Natural Environment Research Council, 1998. Scientific group on decommissioning offshore structures. Second Report—for the Department of Trade and Industry, Swindon, Wiltshire. Noble, 1977 Nossal, 1991, Science and technology advice in Australia, 93 1993 OECD, 1998. Workshop on global-scale issues—strengthening the interaction between science and policy making. Summary Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the OECD Magascience Forum, 25–26 June 1998, 9 pp. O'Riordan, 1995, The precautionary principle, Environmental values, 4, 10.3197/096327195776679475 Otway, 1992, Expert judgement in risk analysis and management-process, context, and pitfalls, Risk Analysis, 12, 83, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1992.tb01310.x Oxford Economic Research Associates Ltd. (OXERA), 2000. Policy, risk and science: securing and using scientific advice, Health and Safety Executive, Contract Research Report 295/2000, Norwich. Ozawa, 1991 Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 1995. Public Attitudes to Science. POSTnote 69. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 1996. BSE and CJD—science, uncertainty and risk. Technical Report 78, London, 12 pp. Pennington, 1998, E-coli 0157—a good test for the food standards agency, Science in Parliament, 55, 12 Pennington, 1998, Dining with Death Pennington, 2002, The media and trust—E-coli and other cases 1993 Pidgeon, 1992 Powell, 1997 Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 1997a. Framework for environmental health risk management. Final Report, 1, Washington. Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, 1997b. Risk assessment and risk management in regulatory decision-making. Final Report, 2, Washington. Primack, 1974 Proctor, 1998, Expanding the scope of science and ethics, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2, 290, 10.1111/1467-8306.00096 Restivo, 1994 Roqueplo, P., 1994. Scientific Expertise among Political Powers, Administrations and Public Opinion. In a conference on Scientific Expertise: European Public Policy Debate. London School Economics and Political Science, 14–15 September 1994. Provisional Abstracts. Royal Society of Canada. Committee on Expert Panels, 1996. Expert Panels: Manual of Procedural Guidelines. Ottawa. Sarewitz, 1996 Sassower, 1993 1994, Special issue on evaluation, Social Science and Public Policy, 4, 1 1982 Scott, G.C., 1996. Government reform in New Zealand. Occasional Paper 140. International Monetary Fund, Washington DC. 1964 Shove, 1997, Research contexts and policy knowledge: linking social science research and environmental policy, Science and Public Policy, 24, 214, 10.1093/spp/24.4.214 Shrader-Frechette, 1998, First things first: balancing scientific and ethical values in environmental science, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88, 287, 10.1111/1467-8306.00095 Smith, W., Montgomery, H., 2001. Ensuring effective public participation in decision-making relating to genetically modified organisms. A Report for the Secretary for the Environment, Wellington. Soby, B.A., Simpson, A.C.D., Ives, D.P., 1993. Integrating public and scientific judgements into a tool-kit for managing food-related risks. Stage 1: Literature Review and Feasibility Study. Centre for Environmental Risk management, World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre on Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Communication. Research Report No 16, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia. Solomon, 1996, Setting the boundaries between science and the law: lessons from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Science, Technology and Human Values, 2, 131, 10.1177/016224399602100201 Stewart, D., 1995. Monitoring the technical content of policy advice to the government. A Report for the Minister of Research, Science and Technology. Stone, 1996 Teng, 1986, 39–61 1994 Van Eeten, 1999, Dialogues of the deaf on science in policy controversies, Science and Public Policy, 26, 185, 10.3152/147154399781782491 van Nijnatten, 1996, Environmental governance in an era of participating decision making: Canadian and American approaches, The American Review of Canadian Studies, 26, 405, 10.1080/02722019609481194 Vines, 1994, How far should we go?, New Scientist, 12, 12 1993 von Schomberg, 1993, Controversies and political decision making, 7 Walt, 1994 Warner, 1992 Waterstone, 1998, Better safe than sorry, or bettor safe, than sorry?, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2, 297, 10.1111/1467-8306.00097 Webb, 1994 Weinberg, 1972, Science and trans-science, Minerva, 10, 209, 10.1007/BF01682418 Weiss, 1977 West, 1996, Public service is independent of public servants, Public Sector, 17, 26 Whyte, 1997, Presidential address: in the national interest: science: geography, and public policy in Canada, The Canadian Geographer, 41, 338, 10.1111/j.1541-0064.1997.tb01319.x Williamson, 1998, Policy foresight, Public Sector, 21, 2 Woodhouse, 1995, Can science be more useful in politics? The case of ecological risk assessment, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1, 395, 10.1080/10807039509380024 Woodhouse, 1992, Toward more usable technology policy analysis, 13 Woodhouse, 1997, When expert advice works, and when it does not, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Spring, 23, 10.1109/44.584648 Wynne, 1989, Frameworks of rationality in risk management: towards the testing of naı̈ve sociology