Science Production in Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg: Comparing the Contributions of Research Universities and Institutes to Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Health
Minerva - 2017
Tóm tắt
Charting significant growth in science production over the 20th century in four European Union member states, this neo-institutional analysis describes the development and current state of universities and research institutes that bolster Europe’s position as a key region in global science. On-going internationalization and Europeanization of higher education and science has been accompanied by increasing competition as well as collaboration. Despite the policy goals to foster innovation and further expand research capacity, in cross-national and historical comparison neither the level of R&D investments nor country size accounts completely for the differential growth of scientific productivity. Based on a comprehensive historical database from 1900 to 2010, this analysis uncovers both stable and dynamic patterns of production and productivity in Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Measured in peer-reviewed research articles collected in Thomson Reuters’ Science Citation Index Expanded, which includes journals in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Health, we show the varying contributions of different organizational forms, especially research universities and research institutes. Comparing the institutionalization pathways that created the conditions necessary for continuous and strong growth in scientific productivity in the European center of global science emphasizes that the research university is the key organizational form across countries.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aldrich, Howard E., and Martin Ruef. 1999. Organizations Evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ash, Mitchell G. (ed.). 1999. Mythos Humboldt. Vienna: Böhlau.
Baker, David P. 2014. The Schooled Society: The Educational Transformation of Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Belspo, 2013. Annual Report on Science and Technology Indicators for Belgium. Brussels: Belgian Science Policy Office.
Ben-David, Joseph. 1984. The Scientist’s Role in Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ben-David, Joseph. [1977] 1992. Centers of Learning. Britain, France, Germany, United States. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Bernhard, Nadine. 2017. Durch Europäisierung zu mehr Durchlässigkeit? Veränderungsdynamiken des Verhältnisses von beruflicher Bildung zur Hochschulbildung in Deutschland und Frankreich. Opladen: Budrich UniPress.
BMC—Bologna Ministerial Conference. 2009. The Bologna Process 2020 Communiqué, Leuven, Louvain la Neuve. 28–29 Apr 2009.
Clark, Burton R. 1995. Places of Inquiry. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Clark, William. 2006. Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cole, Stephen, and Thomas J. Phelan. 1999. The Scientific Productivity of Nations. Minerva 37: 1–23.
Dassen, Adrie, and Anneke Luijten-Lub. 2007. Higher Education in Flanders. Country Report. Enschede, NL: CHEPS.
Drori, Gili S., John W. Meyer, Francisco O. Ramirez, and Evan Schofer. 2003. Science in the Modern World Polity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Dusdal, Jennifer. 2017. Welche Organisationsformen produzieren Wissenschaft? Expansion, Vielfalt und Kooperation im deutschen Hochschul- und Wissenschaftssystem, 1900–2010. Unpublished dissertation. University of Luxembourg.
European Commission. 2010. A Vision for Strengthening World-class Research Infrastructures in the European Research Area. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Flink, Tim. 2016. Die Entstehung des Europäischen Forschungsrates: Marktimperative - Geostrategie - Frontier Research. Weilerswist: Velbrück.
Givord, Pauline, and Dominique Goux. 2007. France: Mass and Class—Persisting Inequalities in Postsecondary Education in France. In Stratification in Higher Education, eds. Yossi Shavit, Richard Arum, and Adam Gamoran, 220–239. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Glänzel, Wolfgang. 2016. Bibliometrics. A Concise Introduction to Bibliometrics & its History. https://www.ecoom.be/en/research/bibliometrics. Last Accessed 5 May 2016.
Hage, Jerald, and Jonathon Mote. 2008. Transnational Organizations and Institutional Change: The Case of the Institut Pasteur and French Science. Socio-Economic Review 6: 313–336.
Hinze, Sybille. 2010. Forschungsförderung in Deutschland. In Handbuch Wissenschaftspolitik, eds. Dagmar Simon, Andreas Knie, and Stefan Hornbostel, 162–175. Wiesbaden: VS.
Hoenig, Barbara. 2017. Europe’s New Scientific Elite. Social Mechanisms of Science in the European Research Area. Abingdon: Routledge.
Hohn, Hans-Willy. 2010. Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen. In Handbuch Wissenschaftspolitik, eds. Dagmar Simon, Andreas Knie, and Stefan Hornbostel, 457–477. Wiesbaden: VS.
Huisman, Jeroen, and Jelle Mampaey. 2016. Flanders—Introducing Associations in Flemish Higher Education. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Humboldt, Wilhelm v. 1809. Antrag auf Errichtung der Universität Berlin. Königsberg.
Kennedy, Michael. 2015. Globalizing Knowledge. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Kreckel, Reinhard. 2008. Frankreich. In Zwischen Promotion und Professur, ed. Reinhard Kreckel, 88–123. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsanstalt.
Le Deaut, Jean-Yves. 2013. Refonder l’université, dynamiser la recherche, mieux coopérer pour réussir. Paris: Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche.
Lenhardt, Gero. 2005. Hochschulen in Deutschland und in den USA. Wiesbaden: VS.
LuxInnovation. 2009. Public Research in Luxembourg. Luxembourg: LuxInnovation.
Mahoney, James. 2004. Comparative-Historical Methodology. Annual Review of Sociology 30: 81–101.
Martin, Michaela, and Mark Bray (eds.). 2011. Tertiary Education in Small States. Paris: IIEP/UNESCO.
May, Robert M. 1997. The Scientific Wealth of Nations. Science 275: 793–796.
Merton, Robert K. 1942. Science and Technology in a Democratic Order. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology I: 115–126.
METRIS. 2012a, b, c. Social Sciences and Humanities in Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Country Reports. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Meyer, Morgan. 2008. The Dynamics of Science in a Small Country: The Case of Luxembourg. Science and Public Policy 35(5): 361–371.
Meyer, John W. 2009. Universities. In World Society, eds. Georg Krücken, and Gili S. Drori, 355–372. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Münch, Richard. 2007. Die akademische Elite. Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp.
Musselin, Christine. 2007. France. In International Handbook of Higher Education, eds. James J.F. Forest, and Philip G. Altbach, 711–728. Dordrecht: Springer.
Musselin, Christine. 2017. La Grande Course des Universités. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Musselin, Christine, and Catherine Vilkas. 1994. Interference between Scientists and Research Policy in a French Research Institution: The Case of the CNRS. In Coping with Trouble, eds. Uwe Schimank, and Andreas Stucke, 127–162. Frankfurt/Main: Campus.
Nowotny, Helga, Peter Scott, and Michael Gibbons. 2003. ‘Mode 2’ Revisited: The New Production of Knowledge. Minerva 41: 179–194.
OECD. 2014 and prior years. Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2016. OECD Review of Innovation Policy: Luxembourg 2016. Paris: OECD.
OECD.stat. 2017. Main Science and Technology Indicators. http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB. Last Accessed 8 June 2017.
Oleksiyenko, Anatoly. 2014. On the Shoulders of Giants? Global Science, Resource Asymmetries, and Repositioning of Research Universities in China and Russia. Comparative Education Review 58(3): 482–508.
Olesen Larsen, Peder, and Markus von Ins. 2010. The Rate of Growth in Scientific Publication and the Decline in Coverage Provided by Science Citation Index. Scientometrics 84: 575–603.
Powell, Justin J.W. 2012. Small State, Large World, Global University? Comparing Ascendant National Universities in Luxembourg and Qatar. Current Issues in Comparative Education 15(1): 100–113.
Powell, Justin J.W. 2015. Hochschulbildung und Forschung in Luxemburg. In Bildungsbericht Luxemburg 2015. Band 2: Analysen und Befunde, eds. Ministère de l’Éducation nationale de l’Énfance et de la Jeunesse and Université du Luxembourg, 109–118. Luxembourg.
Powell, Justin J.W., and Jennifer Dusdal. 2016. Europe’s Center of Science: Science Productivity in Belgium, France, Germany, and Luxembourg. EuropeNow 1(1). http://www.europenowjournal.org/2016/11/30/europes-center-of-science-science-productivity-in-belgium-france-germany-and-luxembourg/. Last Accessed 8 June 2017.
Powell, Justin J.W., and Jennifer Dusdal. in press. The European Center of Science Productivity: Research Universities and Institutes in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In The Century of Science: The Global Triumph of the Research University, eds. Justin J.W. Powell, David P. Baker, and Frank Fernandez. International Perspectives on Education & Society, vol. 33. Bingley: Emerald.
Powell, Justin J.W., Frank Fernandez, John T. Crist, Jennifer Dusdal, Liang Zhang, and David P. Baker. in press. Introduction: The Worldwide Triumph of the Research University and Globalizing Science. In The Century of Science: The Global Triumph of the Research University, eds. Justin J.W. Powell, David P. Baker, and Frank Fernandez. International Perspectives on Education & Society, vol. 33. Bingley: Emerald.
Pritchard, Rosalind O.M. 2006. Trends in the Restructuring of German Universities. Comparative Education Review 50(1): 90–112.
Rosenbloom, Joshua L., Donna K. Ginter, Ted Juhl, and Joseph Heppert. 2014. The Effects of Research & Development Funding on Scientific Productivity: Academic Chemistry, 1990–2009. NBER Working Paper No. 20595. Cambridge, MA.
Schofer, Evan, and John W. Meyer. 2005. The Worldwide Expansion of Higher Education in the Twentieth Century. American Sociological Review 70(6): 898–920.
Scott, W. Richard. 2015. Organizational Theory and Higher Education. Journal of Organizational Theory in Education 1(1): 68–76.
Scott, W. Richard. [1995] 2014. Institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stichweh, Rudolf. 1992. The Sociology of Scientific Disciplines. Science in Context 5(1): 3–15.
Teichler, Ulrich. 2005. Hochschulstrukturen im Umbruch. Frankfurt am Main: Campus.
van Petegem, Peter, and Ingrid Imbrecht. 2012. Wegwijs in het Vlaamse onderwijs. Mechelen: Plantyn.
Weingart, Peter. [2001] 2015. Die Stunde der Wahrheit? Zum Verhältnis der Wissenschaft zu Politik, Wirtschaft und Medien in der Wissensgesellschaft. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft.
Weingart, Peter. [2003] 2013. Wissenschaftssoziologie. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag.
Zhang, Liang, Justin J.W. Powell, and David P. Baker. 2015. Exponential Growth and the Shifting Global Center of Gravity of Science Production, 1900–2011. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 47 (4): 46–49.