School and Community Screening Shows Malawi, Africa, to Have a High Prevalence of Latent Rheumatic Heart Disease

Mortality GBD, Causes of Death C, 2015, Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet, 385, 117, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2

Marijon, 2012, Rheumatic heart disease, Lancet, 379, 953, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61171-9

Seckeler, 2011, The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, Clin Epidemiol., 3, 67, 10.2147/CLEP.S12977

Sims Sanyahumbi, 2016, Streptococcus Pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations

Marijon, 2007, Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening, N Engl J Med., 357, 470, 10.1056/NEJMoa065085

Saxena, 2011, Prevalence and outcome of subclinical rheumatic heart disease in India: the RHEUMATIC (Rheumatic Heart Echo Utilisation and Monitoring Actuarial Trends in Indian Children) study, Heart, 97, 2018, 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300792

Reeves, 2011, High prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Fiji detected by echocardiography screening, J Paediatr Child Health, 47, 473, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01997.x

Remenyi, 2012, World Heart Federation criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease-an evidence-based guideline, Nat Rev Cardiol., 9, 297, 10.1038/nrcardio.2012.7

Remenyi, 2013, Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease, Nat Rev Cardiol., 10, 284, 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.34

2004, Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, World Health Organization technical report series., 923, 1

World B. http://dataworldbankorg/indicator/NYGNPPCAPCD 2013

Beaton, 2012, Echocardiography screening for rheumatic heart disease in Ugandan schoolchildren, Circulation, 125, 3127, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.092312

Soliman, 2008, Cardiac disease patterns in northern Malawi: epidemiologic transition perspective, J Epidemiol., 18, 204, 10.2188/jea.JE2008006

Kennedy, 2013, The spectrum of paediatric cardiac disease presenting to an outpatient clinic in Malawi, BMC Res Notes., 6, 53, 10.1186/1756-0500-6-53

Beaton, 2015, The utility of handheld echocardiography for early rheumatic heart disease diagnosis: a field study, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 16, 475, 10.1093/ehjci/jeu296

Engel, 2015, Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in 4720 asymptomatic scholars from South Africa and Ethiopia, Heart, 101, 1389, 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307444

Global Burden of Disease Study C, 2015, Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet, 386, 743, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4

Manyemba, 2002, Penicillin for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever, Cochrane Database Syst Rev., CD002227

McDonald, 2005, Preventing recurrent rheumatic fever: the role of register based programmes, Heart, 91, 1131, 10.1136/hrt.2004.057570

Feinstein, 1964, Rheumatic Fever in Children and Adolescents. A Long-Term Epidemiologic Study of Subsequent Prophylaxis, Streptococcal Infections, and Clinical Sequelae. Vii. Cardiac Changes and Sequelae, Ann Intern Med., 60, 87, 10.7326/0003-4819-60-2-87

Zachariah, 2015, Echo-based screening of rheumatic heart disease in children: a cost-effectiveness Markov model, J Med Econ., 18, 410, 10.3111/13696998.2015.1006366

Tompkins, 1972, Long-term prognosis of rheumatic fever patients receiving regular intramuscular benzathine penicillin, Circulation, 45, 543, 10.1161/01.CIR.45.3.543

Kassem, 1995, Reversibility of mitral regurgitation following rheumatic fever: clinical profile and echocardiographic evaluation, Indian J Pediatr., 62, 717, 10.1007/BF02825126

Pelajo, 2010, Adherence to secondary prophylaxis and disease recurrence in 536 Brazilian children with rheumatic fever, Pediatr Rheumatol Online J., 8, 22, 10.1186/1546-0096-8-22

Karthikeyan, 2012, Rationale and design of a Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry: the REMEDY study, Am Heart J., 163, 535, 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.01.003

UNICEF 2013 http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malawi_statistics.html

Beaton, 2014, Latent rheumatic heart disease: outcomes 2 years after echocardiographic detection, Pediatric Cardiol., 35, 1259, 10.1007/s00246-014-0925-3