Schädel-Hirn-Trauma

Steffen Berger1
1Universitätsklinik für Kinderchirurgie

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Rickels E, von Wild K et al (2010) Head injury in Germany: a population-based prospective study on epidemiology, causes, treatment and outcome of all degrees of head-injury severity in two distinct areas. Brain Inj 24:1491–1504

Steudel WI, Cortbus F et al (2005) Epidemiology and prevention of fatal head injuries in Germany – trends and the impact of the reunification. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147:231–242

Bruns J Jr., Hauser WA (2003) The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review. Epilepsia 44(Suppl 10):2–10

Jennett B, Teasdale G et al (1976) Predicting outcome in individual patients after severe head injury. Lancet 1:1031–1034

Perel P, Arango M et al (2008) Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: practical prognostic models based on large cohort of international patients. BMJ 336:425–429

Teasdale G, Jennett B (1974) Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2:81–84

Piek J (2010) General principles and pathobiology of head injuries. In: Lumenta CB, Di Rocco C, Haase J, Mooij JJA (Hrsg) Neurosurgery. Springer, Heidelberg, S 249–252

Haydel MJ, Preston CA et al (2000) Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med 343:100–105

Smits M, Dippel DW et al (2007) Predicting intracranial traumatic findings on computed tomography in patients with minor head injury: the CHIP prediction rule. Ann Intern Med 146:397–405

Stiell IG, Wells GA et al (2001) The canadian CT head rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet 357:1391–1396

Boström K, Helander CG (1986) Aspects on pathology and neuropathology in head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 36:51–55

Krantz KP, Löwenhielm CG (1986) Head and neck injuries. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 36:47–50

O’Connor WT, Smyth A et al (2011) Animal models of traumatic brain injury: a critical evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 130:106–113

Bullock MR, Chesnut R et al (2006) Surgical management of acute epidural hematomas. Neurosurgery 58:S7–S15

Firsching R, Messing-Jünger M et al (2007) Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie: Schädel-Hirn-Trauma im Erwachsenenalter. http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/008-001.html . Zugegriffen: 02. Juli 2015

Greenberg MS (2010) Head trauma. In: Greenberg MS (Hrsg) Handbook of neurosurgery. 7. Thieme, New York, S 850–929

Samandouras G (2010) Traumatic brain injury. In: Samandouras G (Hrsg) The Neurosurgeon’s Handbook. Oxford University Press, Oxford, S 207–238

Bullock MR, Chesnut R et al (2006) Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas. Neurosurgery 58:S16–S24

Bullock MR, Chesnut R et al (2006) Surgical management of traumatic parenchymal lesions. Neurosurgery 58:S25–S46

Lee JM, Grabb MC et al (2000) Brain tissue responses to ischemia. J Clin Invest 106:723–731

Unterberg AW, Stover J et al (2004) Edema and brain trauma. Neuroscience 129:1021–1029

Young W, Rappaport ZH et al (1987) Regional brain sodium, potassium, and water changes in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia. Stroke 18:751–759

Bourke RS, Nelson KM (1972) Further studies on the K+-dependent swelling of primate cerebral cortex in vivo: the enzymatic basis of the K+-dependent transport of chloride. J Neurochem 19:663–685

Choi DW (1988) Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1:623–634

Nilsson P, Hillered L et al (1993) Regional changes in interstitial K+ and Ca2+ levels following cortical compression contusion trauma in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:183–192

Zhang M, Shan H et al (2012) Increased expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta after rat traumatic brain injury. J Mol Neurosci 46:631–643

Choi DW (1987) Ionic dependence of glutamate neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 7:369–379

Heo JH, Han SW et al (2005) Free radicals as triggers of brain edema formation after stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 39:51–70

Bauer H, Bauer H-C et al (2005) The role of glia in the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier. In: Kettenmann H, Ransom BR (Hrsg) Neuroglia, 2. Aufl. Oxford University, New York, S 325–333

Reese TS, Karnovsky MJ (1967) Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. J Cell Biol 34:207–217

Klatzo I (1987) Pathophysiological aspects of brain edema. Acta Neuropathol 72:236–239

Kuroiwa T, Cahn R et al (1985) Role of extracellular proteins in the dynamics of vasogenic brain edema. Acta Neuropathol 66:3–11

Kuschinsky W, Speckmann E-J (2005) Hirndurchblutung. In: Deetjen P, Speckmann E-J, Hescheler J (Hrsg) Physiologie, 4. Aufl. Elsevier, Urban & Fischer, München, S 50–54

Bouma GJ, Muizelaar JP et al (1992) Blood pressure and intracranial pressure-volume dynamics in severe head injury: relationship with cerebral blood flow. J Neurosurg 77:15–19

Kroppenstedt SN, Kern M et al (1999) Effect of cerebral perfusion pressure on contusion volume following impact injury. J Neurosurg 90:520–526

Overgaard J, Tweed WA (1974) Cerebral circulation after head injury. Part 1: cerebral blood flow and its regulation after closed head injury with emphasis on clinical correlations. J Neurosurg 41:531–541

Rosner MJ, Rosner SD et al (1995) Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results. J Neurosurg 83:949–962

Stahl N, Mellergard P et al (2001) Intracerebral microdialysis and bedside biochemical analysis in patients with fatal traumatic brain lesions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45:977–985

von Oettingen G, Bergholt B et al (2002) Blood flow and ischemia within traumatic cerebral contusions. Neurosurgery 50:781–788

Engström M, Polito A et al (2005) Intracerebral microdialysis in severe brain trauma: the importance of catheter location. J Neurosurg 102:460–469

D’Ambrosio R, Fairbanks JP et al (2004) Post-traumatic epilepsy following fluid percussion injury in the rat. Brain 127:304–314

Nilsson P, Ronne-Engström E et al (1994) Epileptic seizure activity in the acute phase following cortical impact trauma in rat. Brain Res 637:227–232

Vespa P, Martin NA et al (2002) Delayed increase in extracellular glycerol with post-traumatic electrographic epileptic activity: support for the theory that seizures induce secondary injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 81:355–357

Hartings JA, Bullock MR et al (2011) Spreading depolarisations and outcome after traumatic brain injury: a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol 10:1058–1064

Lauritzen M, Dreier JP et al (2011) Clinical relevance of cortical spreading depression in neurological disorders: migraine, malignant stroke, subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 31:17–35

Leao A (1944) Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 7:359–390

Somjen GG (2001) Mechanisms of spreading depression and hypoxic spreading depression-like depolarization. Physiol Rev 81:1065–1096

Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV et al (2011) Decompressive craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 364:1493–1502

Bratton SL, Chestnut RM et al (2007) Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. I. Blood pressure and oxygenation. J Neurotrauma 24(Suppl 1):S7–S13

Cooper DJ, Myburgh J et al (2013) Albumin resuscitation for traumatic brain injury: is intracranial hypertension the cause of increased mortality? J Neurotrauma 30:512–518

Cooper DJ, Myles PS et al (2004) Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:1350–1357

Myburgh JA, Finfer S et al (2012) Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 367:1901–1911

Herold G (2012) Diabetes mellitus. In: Herold G (Hrsg) Innere Medizin, 2012. Aufl. Herold, Gerd, Köln, S 700–727

Lam AM, Winn HR et al (1991) Hyperglycemia and neurological outcome in patients with head injury. J Neurosurg 75:545–551

Polderman KH, Herold I (2009) Therapeutic hypothermia and controlled normothermia in the intensive care unit: practical considerations, side effects, and cooling methods. Crit Care Med 37:1101–1120

Watts DD, Trask A et al (1998) Hypothermic coagulopathy in trauma: effect of varying levels of hypothermia on enzyme speed, platelet function, and fibrinolytic activity. J Trauma 44:846–854

Bratton SL, Chestnut RM et al (2007) Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. VI. Indications for intracranial pressure monitoring. J Neurotrauma 24(Suppl 1):S37–S44

Kiening KL, Härtl R et al (1997) Brain tissue pO2-monitoring in comatose patients: implications for therapy. Neurol Res 19:233–240

Mortazavi MM, Romeo AK et al (2012) Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure: literature review with meta-analysis. J Neurosurg 116:210–221

Bratton SL, Chestnut RM et al (2007) Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XIV. Hyperventilation. J Neurotrauma 24(Suppl 1):S87–S90

Roberts I, Sydenham E (2012) Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD000033

Bratton SL, Chestnut RM et al (2007) Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. X. Brain oxygen monitoring and thresholds. J Neurotrauma 24(Suppl 1):S65–S70

Andrews PJ, Sinclair HL et al (2011) European society of intensive care medicine study of therapeutic hypothermia (32–35°C) for intracranial pressure reduction after traumatic brain injury (the Eurotherm3235Trial). Trials 12(8): 1–12

Roberts I, Yates D et al (2004) Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364:1321–1328