Scapular winging: anatomical review, diagnosis, and treatments

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine - Tập 1 Số 1 - Trang 1-11 - 2008
Ryan M. Martin1, David E. Fish1
1Department of Orthopaedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Kauppila LI, Vastamaki M. Iatrogenic serratus anterior paralysis. Long-term outcome in 26 patients. Chest 1996;109:31–4.

Martin JT. Postoperative isolated dysfunction of the long thoracic nerve: a rare entity of uncertain etiology. Anesth Analg 1989;69:614–9.

Johnson JT, Kendall HO. Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. J Bone Joint Surg 1955;37:567–74.

Gregg JR, Labosky D, Harty M, Lotke P, Ecker M, DiStefano V, Das M. Serratus anterior paralysis in the young athlete. J Bone Joint Surg 1979;61:825–32.

Saeed MA, Gatens PF, Singh SS. Winging of the scapula. Am Fam Physician 1981;24:130–43.

Fery A. Results of treatment of anterior serratus paralysis. In: Post M, Morrey BF, Hawkins RJ, editors. Surgery of the shoulder. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book;1990. p. 325–9.

Wiater JM, Bigliani LU. Spinal accessory nerve injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999;368:5–16.

Wiater JM, Flatow EL. Long thoracic nerve injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999;368:17–27.

Gozna ER, Harris WR. Traumatic winging of the scapula. J Bone Joint Surg 1979;61:1230–3.

Paljarvi L, Partanen J. Biting palsy of the accessory nerve. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;43:744–6.

Foo CL, Swann M. Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior: a report of 20 cases. J Bone Joint Surg 1983;65:552–6.

Bigliani LU, Perez-Sanz JR, Wolfe IN. Treatment of trapezius palsy. J Bone Joint Surg 1985;67:871–7.

Schultz JS, Leonard JA. Long thoracic neuropathy from athletic activity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:87–90.

Donner TR, Kline DG. Extracranial spinal accessory nerve injury. Neurosurgery 1993;32:907–11.

Bigliani JU, Compito CA, Duralde XA, Wolfe IN. Transfer of the levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor for paralysis of the trapezius. J Bone Joint Surg 1996;78:1534–40.

Williams WW, Donell ST, Twymann RS, Birch R. The posterior triangle and the painful shoulder. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1996;78:521–5.

Vandeweyer E, Goldschmidt D, de Fontaine S. Traumatic spinal accessory nerve palsy. J Reconstr Microsurg 1998;14:259–61.

Tomaino MM. Neurophysiologic and clinical outcome following medial pectoral to long thoracic nerve transfer for scapular winging: a case report. Mircosurgery 2002;22:254–7.

Kim DH, Cho YJ, Tiel RL, Kline DG. Surgical outcome of 111 spinal accessory nerve injuries. Neurosurgery 2003;53:1106–13.

Balcom WB, Pappas AM. Musculotendinous sport injuries of the shoulder. In: Pappas AM, editor. Upper extremity injuries in the athlete. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1995. p. 229.

Jerosch J, Castro WHM, Geske B. Damage of the long thoracic nerve and dorsal scapular nerve after traumatic shoulder dislocation: case report and review of the literature. Acta Orthop Belg 1990;56:625–7.

Pecina MM, Krmpotic-Nemanie J, Markiewitz AD. Tunnel syndrome: peripheral nerve compression syndromes, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc; 1997. p. 59–61.

Wood VE, Frykman GK. Winging of the scapula as a complication of first rib resection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1980;149:160–63.

Olarte M, Adams D. Accessory nerve palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977;40:1113–6.

Duncan MA, Lotze MT, Gerber LH, Rosenberg SA. Incidence. Recovery, and management of serratus anterior palsy after axillary node dissection. Phys Ther 1983;63:1243–7.

Oware A, Herskovitz S, Berger AR. Long thoracic nerve palsy following cervical chiropractic manipulation. Muscle Nerve 1995;18:1351.

Teboul F, Bizot P, Kakkar R, Sedel L. Surgical management of trapezius palsy. J Bone Joint Surg 2004;86:1884–90.

Goodman CE, Kenrick MM, Blum MV. Long thoracic nerve palsy: a follow-up study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1975;56:352–5.

Fardin P, Negrin P, Dainese R. The isolate paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle: clinical and electromyographical follow-up of 10 cases. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1978;18:379–86.

Petrera JE, Trojaborg W. Conduction studies of the long thoracic nerve in serratus anterior palsy of different etiology. Neurology 1984;34:1033–7.

Overpeck DO, Ghormley RK. Paralysis of the serratus magnus muscle caused by lesion of the long thoracic nerve. JAMA 1940;114:1994–6.

Remak: Cited in Gregg JR, Labosky D, Harty M, Lotke P, Ecker M, DiStefano V, Das M. Serratus anterior paralysis in the young athlete. J Bone Joint Surg 1979;61:825–32.

Herndon JH. Surgical reconstruction of the upper extremity. Stamford: Appleton and Lange; 1999. p. 239–40.

Kuhn JE. Scapulothoracic articulation: anatomy, biomechanics, pathophysiology, management. In: Iannott JP, Williams GR, editors. Disorders of the shoulder: diagnosis and management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999. p. 824–5.

Kaplan PE. Electrodiagnostic confirmation of long thoracic nerve palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980;43:50–2.

White SM, Witten CM. Long thoracic nerve palsy in a professional ballet dancer. Am J Sports Med 1993;21:6326–628.

van Tuijl JH, Schmid A, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V, Faber CG, Vles J. Isolated spinal accessory neuropathy in an adolescent: a case study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2006;10:83–5.

Akuthota V, Chou JH, Drake DF, Nadler SF, Toledo SD. Sports and performing arts medicine. 2. Shoulder and elbow overuse injuries in sports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(3 suppl 1):S52–8.

Ravindran M. Two cases of suprascapular neuropathy in a family. Br J Sports Med 2003;37:539–41.

Marmor L, Bechtol CO. Paralysis of the serratus anterior due to electric shock relieved by transplantation of the pectoralis major muscle: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg 1963;45:156–60.

Iceton J, Harris WR. Treatment of winged scapula by pectoralis major transfer. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69:108–10.

Elders L, Van der Meche F, Burdorf A. Serratis anterior paralysis as an occupational injury in scaffolders: two case reports. Am J Ind Med 2001;40:710–3.

Oakes MJ. An isolated long thoracic nerve injury in a navy airman. Mil Med 2004;169:713–5.

Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray’s anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc; 2005. p. 633–47.

Hester P, Caborn D, Nyland J. Cause of long thoracic nerve palsy: a possible dynamic fascial sling cause. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2000;9:31–5.

Ebraheim NA, Lu J, Porshinsky B, Heck BE, Yeasting RA. Vulnerability of the long thoracic nerve: an anatomic study. J Shoudler Elbow Surg 1998;7:458–61.

McFarland EG. Examination of the shoulder: the complete guide. New York: Thieme 2006; p. 104–5.

Nakano KK. The entrapment neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 1978;1:264–79.

Desong C, Yudong G, Jie L, Liang C. Dorsal scapular nerve compression atypical thoracic outlet syndrome. Chin Med J 1995;108:582–5.

Tubbs RS, Tyler-Kabara EC, Aikens AC, Martin JP, Weed LL, Salter EG, Oakes WJ. Surgical anatomy of the dorsal scapular nerve. J Neurosurg 2005;102:910–11.

Delmonte S, Massone C, Parodi A, Rebora A. Acquired winged scapula in a patient with systemic lupus erythematous. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998;16:82–3.

Makin G, Brown WF, Ebers GC. C7 radiculopathy: importance of scapular winging in clinical diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:640–4.

Phillips LH. Familial long thoracic nerve palsy: a manifestation of bracial plexus neuropathy. Neurology 1986;36:1251–3.

Copeland SA, Howard RC. Thoracoscapular fusion for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60:547–51.

Bunch WH, Siegel IM. Scapulothoracic arthrodesis in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg 1993;75:372–6.

Hawkins RJ, Willis RB, Litchfield RB. Scapulothoracic arthrodesis for scapular winging. In: Post M, Morrey BF, Hawkins RJ, editors. Surgery of the shoulder. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1990. p. 346–59.

Zeier FG. The treatment of winged-scapula. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1973:91:128–33.

Horwitz MT, Tocantins LM. An anatomical study of the role of the long thoracic nerve and the related scapular bursae in the pathogenesis of local paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. Anat Rec 1938;71:375–85.

Murphy MT, Journeauz SF. Long thoracic nerve palsy after using a single axillary crutch. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;447:267–9.

Dellon AL, Campbell JN, Cornblath D. Stretch palsy of the spinal accessory nerve. J Neurosurg 1990;72:500–2.

Lee SG, Kim JH, Lee SY, Choi IS, Moon ES. Winged scapula caused by rhomboideus and trapezius muscles rupture associated with repetitive minor trauma. J Korean Med Sci 2006;21:581–4.

Lauder TD. Scapular winging. In: Frontera WR, Silver JK, editors. Frontera: essentials of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 1st ed. Hanley and Belfus 2002, Chapter 18 as published on MDConsult.com as of February 2nd, 2007.

Warner JJP, Navarro RA. Serratus anterior dysfunction: recognition and treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998;349:139–48.

Chan PKH, Hems TEJ. Clinical signs of accessory nerve palsy. J Trauma 2005;60:1142–4.

Fisher MA, Gorelick PB. Entrapment neuropathies: differential diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med 1985;77:160–7.

Friedenberg SM, Zimprich T, Harper CM. The natural history of the long thoracic and spinal accessory neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2002;25:535–9.

Seror P. The long thoracic nerve conduction study revisited in 2006. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117:2446–50.

Bowen TR, Miller F. Greenstick fracture of the scapula: a cause of scapular winging. J Orthop Trauma 2006;20:147–9.

Perlmutter GS, Leffert RD. Results of transfer of the pectoralis major tendon to treat paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. J Bone Joint Surg 1999;81:377–84.

Watson CJ, Schenkman M. Physical therapy management of isolated serratus anterior muscle paralysis. Phys Ther 1995;75:194–202.

Marin R. Scapula winger’s brace: a case series of the management of long thoracic nerve palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:1226–30.

Safran MR. Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 2: long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, burners/stingers, thoracic outlet syndrome. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:1063–76.

Krishnan SG, Hawkins RJ, Michelotti JD, Litchfield R, Willis RB, Kim YJ. Scapulothoracic arthrodesis: indications, technique, and results. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005;435:126–33.

Rhee YG, Ha JH. Long-term results of scapulothoracic arthodesis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006;15:445–50.

Connor PM, Yamaguchi K, Manifold SG, Pollock RG, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU. Split pectoralis major transfer for serratus anterior palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997;341:134–42.

Disa JJ, Wang B, Dellon AL. Correction of scapular winging by supraclavicular neurolysis of the long thoracic nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg 2001;17:79–84.

Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Surgical treatment of a long thoracic nerve palsy. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:1643–5.

Kizilay A, Kalcioglu MT, Saydem L, Ersoy Y. A new shoulder orthosis for paralysis of the trapezius muscle after radical neck dissection: a preliminary report. Eur Arch Otorrhinolaryngol 2006;263:477–80.

Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Patient outcome after surgical management of an accessory nerve injury. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:221–4.

Romero J, Gerber C. Levator scapulae and rhomboid transfer for paralysis of trapezius: The Eden-Lange procedure. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85:1141–5.

Bertelli JA, Chizoni MF. Refinements in the technique for repair of the accessory nerve. J Hand Surg 2006;31:1401–6.

Okajima S, Tamai K, Fujiwara H, Kobashi H, Hirata M, Jubo T. Surgical treatment for spinal accessory nerve injury. Microsurgery 2006;26:237–77.

Vinson EN. Clinical images: scapular winging. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:4027.