Scale-specific landscape effects impose range-limiting constraints on the distribution of a prairie-obligate carnivore

Allen ML, Green AM, Moll RJ (2022) Modelling the distribution and intraguild associations of an understudied mesocarnivore across the contiguous United States. Divers Distrib 28:1022–1033 Arnold TW (2010) Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike’s information criterion. J Wildl Manage 74:1175–1178 Benedek AM, Sîrbu I (2018) Responses of small mammal communities to environment and agriculture in a rural mosaic landscape. Mamm Biol 90:55–65 Bilenca DN, González-Fischer CM, Teta P, Zamero M (2007) Agricultural intensification and small mammal assemblages in agroecosystems of the Rolling Pampas, central Argentina. Agr Ecosyst Environ 121:371–375 Brown JS, Laundre JW, Gurung M (1999) The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. J Mammal 80:385–399 Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer Science & Business Media, New York Butler AR, Bly KLS, Harris H, Inman RM, Moehrenschlager A, Schwalm D, Jachowski DS (2020) Home range size and resource use by swift foxes in northeastern Montana. J Mammal 101:684–696 Caughley G, Grice D, Barker R, Brown B (1988) The edge of the range. J Anim Ecol 57:771–785 Chandler JL, Deelen TRV, Nibbelink NP, Orrock JL (2020) Large-scale patterns of seed removal by small mammals differ between areas of low- versus high-wolf occupancy. Ecol Evol 10:7145–7156 Chandler R, Hepinstall-Cymerman J (2016) Estimating the spatial scales of landscape effects on abundance. Landsc Ecol 31:1383–1394 Conservation Reserve Program. In: national-content. https://fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/conservation-reserve-program/index. Accessed 22 Mar 2021 Crooks KR (2002) Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv Biol 16:488–502 CropScape (2021) NASS CDL program. https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/. Accessed 12, 2021 Cushman SA, Landguth EL, Flather CH (2013) Evaluating population connectivity for species of conservation concern in the American Great Plains. Biodivers Conserv 22:2583–2605 Dahlgren DK, Rodgers RD, Elmore RD, Bain MR (2016) Grasslands of western Kansas, north of the Arkansas River. In: Haukos DA, Boal C (eds) Ecology and conservation of lesser prairie-chickens. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 259–279 Desmond MJ, Savidge JA, Eskridge KM (2000) Correlations between burrowing owl and black-tailed prairie dog declines: a 7-year analysis. J Wildl Manage 64:1067–1075 Di Minin E, Slotow R, Hunter LTB, Montesino Pouzols F, Toivonen T, Verburg PH, Leader-Williams N, Petracca L, Moilanen A (2016) Global priorities for national carnivore conservation under land use change. Sci Rep 6:23814 Drummond MA, Auch RF, Karstensen KA, Sayler KL, Taylor JL, Loveland TR (2012) Land change variability and human–environment dynamics in the United States Great Plains. Land Use Policy 29:710–723 Durrett R, Levin S (1998) Spatial aspects of interspecific competition. Theor Popul Biol 53:30–43 Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool (EDIT) (2021) https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/. Accessed 11 Mar 2021 Farris ZJ, Golden CD, Karpanty S, Murphy A, Stauffer D, Ratelolahy F, Andrianjakarivelo V, Holmes CM, Kelly MJ (2015) Hunting, exotic carnivores, and habitat loss: anthropogenic effects on a native carnivore community, Madagascar. PLoS ONE 10:e0136456 Fidino M, Gallo T, Lehrer E, Murray M, Kay C, Sander H, MacDougall B, Salsbury C, Ryan T, Angstmann J, Belaire A, Dugelby B, Schell C, Stankowich T, Amaya M, Drake D, Hursh S, Ahlers A, Williamson J, Magle S (2020) Landscape-scale differences among cities alter common species’ responses to urbanization. Ecol Appl 31:1–12 Gaston KJ (2003) The structure and dynamics of geographic ranges. Oxford University Press, Oxford Gese EM, Rongstad OJ, Mytton WR (1988) Relationship between coyote group size and diet in southeastern Colorado. J Wildl Manage 52:647–653 Goodwin BJ, Fahrig L (2002) How does landscape structure influence landscape connectivity? Oikos 99:552–570 Harrison RL (2003) Swift fox demography, movements, denning, and diet in New Mexico. Southwest Nat 48:261–273 Heim N, Fisher JT, Clevenger A, Paczkowski J, Volpe J (2017) Cumulative effects of climate and landscape change drive spatial distribution of Rocky Mountain wolverine (Gulo L.). Ecol Evol 7:8903–8914 Heisler LM, Somers CM, Wellicome TI, Poulin RG (2013) Landscape-scale features affecting small mammal assemblages on the northern great plains of North America. J Mammal 94:1059–1067 Herkert JR (1998) The influence of the CRP on grasshopper sparrow population trends in the Mid-Continental United States. Wildl Soc Bull 1973–2006(26):227–231 Hesselbarth MHK, Sciaini M, With KA, Wiegand K, Nowosad J (2019) landscapemetrics: an open-source R tool to calculate landscape metrics. Ecography 42:1648–1657 Hetem RS, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Mitchell D (2014) Responses of large mammals to climate change. Temperature 1:115–127 Hickling R, Roy DB, Hill JK, Fox R, Thomas CD (2006) The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards. Glob Change Biol 12:450–455 Hoekstra JM, Boucher TM, Ricketts TH, Roberts C (2005) Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecol Lett 8:23–29 Holland JD, Bert DG, Lahrig L (2004) Determining the spatial scale of species’ response to habitat. Bioscience 54:227–233 Jackson HB, Fahrig L (2015) Are ecologists conducting research at the optimal scale? Glob Ecol Biogeogr 24:52–63 Jackson VL, Choate JR (2000) Dens and den sites of the swift fox, Vulpes velox. Southwest Nat 45:212–220 Kamler JF, Ballard WB, Fish EB, Lemons PR, Mote K, Perchellet CC (2003) Habitat use, home ranges, and survival of swift foxes in a fragmented landscape: conservation implications. J Mammal 84:989–995 Kamler JF, Ballard WB, Lemons PR, Gilliland RL, Mote K (2005) Home range and habitat use of coyotes in an area of native prairie, farmland and CRP fields. Am Midl Nat 153:396–404 Karanth KK, Nichols JD, Hines JE, Karanth KU, Christensen NL (2009) Patterns and determinants of mammal species occurrence in India. J Appl Ecol 46:1189–1200 Karki SM, Gese EM, Klavetter ML (2007) Effects of coyote population reduction on swift fox demographics in southeastern Colorado. J Wildl Manage 71:2707–2718 Kaufman DW, Kaufman GA, Clark BK (2000) Small mammals in native and anthropogenic habitats in the Lake Wilson area of north-central Kansas. Southwest Nat 45:45–60 Kilgore DL (1969) An ecological study of the swift fox (Vulpes velox) in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Am Midl Nat 81:512–534 Kitchen AM, Gese EM, Schauster ER (1999) Resource partitioning between coyotes and swift foxes: space, time, and diet. Can J Zool 77:1645–1656 Kozlowski AJ, Gese EM, Arjo WM (2008) Niche overlap and resource partitioning between sympatric kit foxes and coyotes in the great basin desert of western Utah. Am Midl Nat 160:191–208 Kretzer JE, Cully JF (2001) Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on reptiles and amphibians in Kansas shortgrass prairie. Southwest Nat 46:171–177 Küchler AW (1972) The oscillations of the mixed prairie in Kansas (Die Schwankungen der “Mixed Prairie” in Kansas). Erdkunde 26:120–129 Laliberte AS, Ripple WJ (2004) Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. Bioscience 54:123–138 Laundre JW, Hernandez L, Ripple WJ (2010) The landscape of fear: ecological implications of being afraid. Open Ecol J 3:1–7 Lebsock A, Burdett CL, Darden SK, Dabelsteen T, Antolin MF, Crooks KR (2012) Space use and territoriality in swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in northeastern Colorado. Can J Zool. https://doi.org/10.1139/z2012-003 Lesmeister DB, Nielsen CK, Schauber EM, Hellgren EC (2015) Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarniovre guild in midwestern North America. Wildl Monogr 191:1–61 Long RA, Donovan TM, MacKay P, Zielinski WJ, Buzas JS (2011) Predicting carnivore occurrence with noninvasive surveys and occupancy modeling. Landsc Ecol 26:327–340 Mackenzie DI (2006) Modeling the probability of resource use: the effect of, and dealing with, detecting a species imperfectly. J Wildl Manage 70:367–374 MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Hines JE, Knutson MG, Franklin AB (2003) Estimating site occupancy, colonization, and local extinction when a species is detected imperfectly. Ecology 84:2200–2207 Mackenzie DI, Royle JA (2005) Designing occupancy studies: general advice and allocating survey effort. J Appl Ecol 42:1105–1114 Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) (2021) NRCS soils. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053624. Accessed 14 Mar 2021 Martin DJ, White GC, Pusateri FM (2007) Occupancy rates by swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in eastern Colorado. Southwest Nat 52:541–551 McGarigal K, Wan HY, Zeller KA, Timm BC, Cushman SA (2016) Multi-scale habitat selection modeling: a review and outlook. Landsc Ecol 31:1161–1175 Miguet P, Fahrig L, Lavigne C (2017) How to quantify a distance-dependent landscape effect on a biological response. Methods Ecol Evol 8:1717–1724 Moll RJ, Cepek JD, Lorch PD, Dennis PM, Robison T, Montgomery RA (2020) At what spatial scale(s) do mammals respond to urbanization? Ecography 43:171–183 Moraga AD, Martin AE, Fahrig L (2019) The scale of effect of landscape context varies with species’ response variable measured. Landsc Ecol 34:703–715 Morin DJ, Yackulic CB, Diffendorfer JE, Lesmeister DB, Nielsen CK, Reid J, Schauber EM (2020) Is your ad hoc model selection strategy affecting your multimodel inference? Ecosphere 11:e02997 Moritz C, Patton JL, Conroy CJ, Parra JL, White GC, Beissinger SR (2008) Impact of a century of climate change on small-mammal communities in Yosemite National Park, USA. Science 322:261–264 Nielson RM, Mcdonald LL, Sullivan JP, Burgess C, Johnson DS, Johnson DH, Bucholtz S, Hyberg S, Howlin S (2008) Estimating the response of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) to the conservation reserve program. Auk 125:434–444 Oldfather MF, Kling MM, Sheth SN, Emery NC, Ackerly DD (2020) Range edges in heterogeneous landscapes: integrating geographic scale and climate complexity into range dynamics. Glob Change Biol 26:1055–1067 Olimb SK, Robinson B (2019) Grass to grain: probabilistic modeling of agricultural conversion in the North American great plains. Ecol Ind 102:237–245 Olimb SK, Schwalm DL, Bly KLS (2021) Subecoregional influence on swift fox habitat suitability. Prairie Nat 53:1–15 Pfeifer M, Lefebvre V, Peres CA, Banks-Leite C, Wearn OR, Marsh CJ, Butchart SHM, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Barlow J, Cerezo A, Cisneros L, D’Cruze N, Faria D, Hadley A, Harris SM, Klingbeil BT, Kormann U, Lens L, Medina-Rangel GF, Morante-Filho JC, Olivier P, Peters SL, Pidgeon A, Ribeiro DB, Scherber C, Schneider-Maunoury L, Struebig M, Urbina-Cardona N, Watling JI, Willig MR, Wood EM, Ewers RM (2017) Creation of forest edges has a global impact on forest vertebrates. Nature 551:187–191 Plumb RT, Lautenbach JM, Robinson SG, Haukos DA, Winder VL, Hagen CA, Sullins DS, Pitman JC, Dahlgren DK (2019) Lesser prairie-chicken space use in relation to anthropogenic structures. J Wildl Manage 83:216–230 Polis GA, Myers CA, Holt RD (1989) The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: potential competitors that eat each other. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 20:297–330 PRAIRIEMAP (2018) A GIS database for prairie grassland management in western North America. Reston, VA. http://prairiemap.wr.usgs.gov/. Accessed 10 Jan 2018 PRISM Climate Group (2021) Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu, Accessed 8 Jan 2021 Pruss SD (1999) Selection of natal dens by the swift fox (Vulpes velox) on the Canadian prairies. Can J Zool 77:646–652 R Core Team (2021) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/ Samson F, Knopf F (1994) Prairie conservation in North America. Bioscience 44:418–421 Schauster ER, Gese EM, Kitchen AM (2002) An evaluation of survey methods for monitoring swift fox abundance. Wildl Soc Bull 1973–2006(30):464–477 Schwalm D, Waits LP, Ballard WB (2014) Little fox on the prairie: genetic structure and diversity throughout the distribution of a grassland carnivore in the United States. Conserv Genet 15:1503–1514 Sovada MA, Roy CC, Bright JB, Gillis JR (1998) Causes and rates of mortality of swift foxes in western Kansas. J Wildl Manage 62:1300–1306 Sovada MA, Slivinski CC, Woodward RO, Phillips ML (2003) Home range, habitat use, litter size, and pup dispersal of swift foxes in two distinct landscapes of western Kansas. The swift foxes: ecology and conservation of swift foxes in a changing world. Canadian Plains Research Center, Regina, pp 149–160 Sovada MA, Woodward RO, Igl LD (2009) Historical range, current distribution, and conservation status of the swift fox, Vulpes velox, in North America. Can Field Nat 123:346–367 Stratman MR, Apker JA (2014) Using infrared cameras and skunk lure to monitor swift fox (Vulpes velox). Southwest Nat 59:502–510 Stuber EF, Gruber LF (2020) Recent methodological solutions to identifying scales of effect in multi-scale modeling. Curr Landsc Ecol Rep 5:127–139 Sullins DS, Haukos DA, Lautenbach JM, Lautenbach JD, Robinson SG, Rice MB, Sandercock BK, Kraft JD, Plumb RT, Reitz JH, Hutchinson JMS, Hagen CA (2019) Strategic conservation for lesser prairie-chickens among landscapes of varying anthropogenic influence. Biol Conserv 238:108213 Taylor MR, Hendricks NP, Sampson GS, Garr D (2020) The opportunity cos of the conservation reserve program: a Kansas land example. Appl Econ Perspect Policy 43:849–865 Thompson CM, Gese EM (2007) Food webs and intraguild predation: community interactions of a native mesocarnivore. Ecology 88:334–346 USDA Farm Service Agency Home Page (FSA) (2018) In: main-landing. https://fsa.usda.gov/index. Accessed 30 Mar 2018 Wait KR, Ricketts AM, Ahlers AA (2018) Land-use change structures carnivore communities in remaining tallgrass prairie. J Wildl Manage 82:1491–1502 Web Soil Survey (2021) Web soil survey. https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx. Accessed 11 Mar 2021 Weil RR, Brady NC (2016) The nature and properties of soils, Fifteenth. Pearson, Columbus Wolf C, Ripple WJ (2017) Range contractions of the world’s large carnivores. R Soc Open Sci 4:170052 Yeiser JM, Morgan JJ, Baxley DL, Chandler RB, Martin JA (2018) Private land conservation has landscape-scale benefits for wildlife in agroecosystems. J Appl Ecol 55:1930–1939 Zeller KA, McGarigal K, Beier P, Cushman SA, Vickers TW, Boyce WM (2014) Sensitivity of landscape resistance estimates based on point selection functions to scale and behavioral state: pumas as a case study. Landsc Ecol 29:541–557