Sarcopenia: An Undiagnosed Condition in Older Adults. Current Consensus Definition: Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia

Tzankoff, 1978, Longitudinal changes in basal metabolic rate in man, J Appl Physiol, 33, 536, 10.1152/jappl.1978.45.4.536

Rosenberg, 1997, Sarcopenia: Origins and clinical relevance, J Nutr, 127, 990S

Evans, 1993, Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity, J Nutr, 123, 465

Evans, 1995, What is sarcopenia?, J Gerontol, 50A, 5, 10.1093/gerona/50A.Special_Issue.5

Baumgartner, 1998, Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico, Am J Epidemiol, 147, 755, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520

ISI Web of Knowledge. http://apps.isiknowledge.com. Accessed December 4, 2009.

Morley, 2001, Anorexia, sarcopenia, and aging, Nutrition, 17, 660, 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00574-3

Morley, 2005, Frailty and the aging male, Aging Male, 8, 135, 10.1080/13685530500277232

Critchley, 1931, The neurology of old age, Lancet, 1, 1221, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)90761-X

Lexell, 1983, Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles: Effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections, Muscle Nerve, 6, 588, 10.1002/mus.880060809

Larsson, 1978, Morphological and functional characteristics of the aging skeletal muscle in man, Acta Physiol Scand Suppl, 457, 1

Larsson, 1983, Histochemical characteristics of human skeletal muscle during aging, Acta Physiol Scand, 117, 469, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1983.tb00024.x

Frontera, 2000, Aging of skeletal muscle: A 12-yr longitudinal study, J Appl Physiol, 88, 1321, 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1321

Ferrucci, 1997, Departures from linearity in the relationship between measures of muscular strength and physical performance of the lower extremities: the Women’s Health and Aging Study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 52, M275, 10.1093/gerona/52A.5.M275

Delmonico, 2007, Alternative definitions of sarcopenia, lower extremity performance, and functional impairment with aging in older men and women, J Am Geriatr Soc, 55, 769, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01140.x

Janssen, 2004, The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States, J Am Geriatr Soc, 52, 80, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x

Newman, 2003, Sarcopenia: Alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function, J Am Geriatr Soc, 51, 1602, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51534.x

Lexell, 1988, What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old men, J Neurol Sci, 84, 275, 10.1016/0022-510X(88)90132-3

Porter, 1995, Aging of human muscle: Structure, function and adaptability, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 5, 129, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00026.x

Reeves, 2006, Myotendinous plasticity to ageing and resistance exercise in humans, Exp Physiol, 91, 483, 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.032896

Doherty, 2003, Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol, 95, 1717, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00347.2003

Narici, 2006, Adaptability of elderly human muscles and tendons to increased loading, J Anat, 208, 433

Onambele, 2006, Calf muscle-tendon properties and postural balance in old age, J Appl Physiol, 100, 2048, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01442.2005

Sipila, 1996, Quantitative ultrasonography of muscle: Detection of adaptations to training in elderly women, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 77, 1173, 10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90143-4

Kubo, 2003, Muscle architectural characteristics in young and elderly men and women, Int J Sports Med, 24, 125, 10.1055/s-2003-38204

Mian, 2007, Gastrocnemius muscle-tendon behaviour during walking in young and older adults, Acta Physiol (Oxf), 189, 57, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01634.x

Newman, 2005, Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 872, 10.1093/ajcn/82.4.872

Rolland, 2007, Loss of appendicular muscle mass and loss of muscle strength in young postmenopausal women, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 62, 330, 10.1093/gerona/62.3.330

Visser, 2003, Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 5766, 10.1210/jc.2003-030604

Morley, 2003, Hormones and the aging process, J Am Geriatr Soc, 51, S333, 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.51344.x

Visser, 1998, Body fat and skeletal muscle mass in relation to physical disability in very old men and women of the Framingham Heart Study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 53, M214, 10.1093/gerona/53A.3.M214

Short, 2000, The effect of age on protein metabolism, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 3, 39, 10.1097/00075197-200001000-00007

Vermeulen, 1999, Testosterone, body composition and aging, J Endocrinol Invest, 22, 110

Schrager, 2007, Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study, J Appl Physiol, 102, 919, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00627.2006

Di Iorio, 2006, Markers of inflammation, Vitamin E and peripheral nervous system function: The InCHIANTI study, Neurobiol Aging, 27, 1280, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.07.004

Evans, 2001, The aging pancreas: The effects of aging on insulin secretion and action, 969

Guralnik, 2000, Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: Consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 55, M221, 10.1093/gerona/55.4.M221

Cesari, 2005, Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation—results from the Trial of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors study, Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 428, 10.1093/ajcn/82.2.428

Cesari, 2004, Inflammatory markers and physical performance in older persons: The InCHIANTI study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 59, 242, 10.1093/gerona/59.3.M242

Welle, 2003, Gene expression profile of aging in human muscle, Physiol Genomics, 14, 149, 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00049.2003

Carey, 2007, Impaired expression of Notch signaling genes in aged human skeletal muscle, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 62, 9, 10.1093/gerona/62.1.9

Schrager, 2004, Insulin-like growth factor-2 genotype, fat-free mass, and muscle performance across the adult life span, J Appl Physiol, 97, 2176, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2003

Chapman, 2002, The anorexia of ageing, Biogerontology, 3, 67, 10.1023/A:1015211530695

Volpi, 2001, Basal muscle amino acid kinetics and protein synthesis in healthy young and older men, JAMA, 286, 1206, 10.1001/jama.286.10.1206

Katsanos, 2005, Aging is associated with diminished accretion of muscle proteins after the ingestion of a small bolus of essential amino acids, Am J Clin Nutr, 82, 1065, 10.1093/ajcn/82.5.1065

Campbell, 1994, Increased protein requirements in elderly people: New data and retrospective reassessments, Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 501, 10.1093/ajcn/60.4.501

Campbell, 2001, The recommended dietary allowance for protein may not be adequate for older people to maintain skeletal muscle, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 56, M373, 10.1093/gerona/56.6.M373

Kuh, 2005, Grip strength, postural control, and functional leg power in a representative cohort of British men and women: Associations with physical activity, health status, and socioeconomic conditions, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 60, 224, 10.1093/gerona/60.2.224

Hughes, 2004, Anthropometric assessment of 10-y changes in body composition in the elderly, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 475, 10.1093/ajcn/80.2.475

Hughes, 2002, Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: Role of body weight change and physical activity, Am J Clin Nutr, 76, 473, 10.1093/ajcn/76.2.473

Kortebein, 2007, Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults, JAMA, 297, 1772, 10.1001/jama.297.16.1772-b

Baumgartner, 1999, Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women, Mech Ageing Dev, 107, 123, 10.1016/S0047-6374(98)00130-4

Guillet, 2005, Insulin resistance: A contributing factor to age-related muscle mass loss?, Diabetes Metab, 31, 10.1016/S1262-3636(05)73648-X

Park, 2009, Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 32, 1993, 10.2337/dc09-0264

Park, 2006, Decreased muscle strength and quality in older adults with type 2 diabetes: The health, aging, and body composition study, Diabetes, 55, 1813, 10.2337/db05-1183

McDermott, 2001, Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease: Associated clinical characteristics and functional impairment, JAMA, 286, 1599, 10.1001/jama.286.13.1599

McDermott, 2004, Impairments of muscles and nerves associated with peripheral arterial disease and their relationship with lower extremity functioning: The InCHIANTI Study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 52, 405, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52113.x

McDermott, 2007, Physical activity, walking exercise, and calf skeletal muscle characteristics in patients with peripheral arterial disease, J Vasc Surg, 46, 87, 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.02.064

Ferrucci, 2002, Change in muscle strength explains accelerated decline of physical function in older women with high interleukin-6 serum levels, J Am Geriatr Soc, 50, 1947, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50605.x

Kandarian, 2006, Intracellular signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy, Muscle Nerve, 33, 155, 10.1002/mus.20442

Clavel, 2006, Atrophy-related ubiquitin ligases, atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are up-regulated in aged rat tibialis anterior muscle, Mech Ageing Dev, 127, 794, 10.1016/j.mad.2006.07.005

Stipanuk, 2007, Leucine and protein synthesis: mTOR and beyond, Nutr Rev, 65, 122, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00289.x

Carter, 2005, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition intervention in elderly persons: Effects on body composition and physical performance, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 60, 1437, 10.1093/gerona/60.11.1437

Lecker, 2004, Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of changes in gene expression, FASEB J, 18, 39, 10.1096/fj.03-0610com

Raue, 2007, Proteolytic gene expression differs at rest and after resistance exercise between young and old women, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 62, 1407, 10.1093/gerona/62.12.1407

Heymsfield, 1983, Measurement of muscle mass in humans: Validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine method, Am J Clin Nutr, 37, 478, 10.1093/ajcn/37.3.478

Heymsfield, 1982, Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: Revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area, Am J Clin Nutr, 36, 680, 10.1093/ajcn/36.4.680

Heymsfield, 1990, Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: Measurement by dual photon absorptiometry, Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 214, 10.1093/ajcn/52.2.214

Cohn, 1974, In vivo neutron activation analysis: Clinical potential in body composition studies, Am J Med, 57, 683, 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90841-9

Cohn, 1983, Indexes of body cell mass: Nitrogen versus potassium, Am J Physiol, 244, E305

Reeves, 2004, Ultrasonographic assessment of human skeletal muscle size, Eur J Appl Physiol, 91, 116, 10.1007/s00421-003-0961-9

Heymsfield, 1991, Body composition in humans: Advances in the development of multicompartment chemical models, Nutr Rev, 49, 91

Goodpaster, 2001, Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: The Health ABC Study, J Appl Physiol, 90, 2157, 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2157

Goodpaster, 2006, The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 61, 1059, 10.1093/gerona/61.10.1059

Ojanen, 2007, Strength and power profiles of the lower and upper extremities in master throwers at different ages, J Strength Cond Res, 21, 216, 10.1519/00124278-200702000-00039

Bruce, 1989, Effect of age on voluntary force and cross-sectional area of human adductor possicis muscle, Q J Exp Physiol, 74, 359, 10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003278

Vandervoort, 1986, Contractile changes in opposing muscles of the human ankle joint with aging, J Appl Physiol, 61, 361, 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.361

Morley, 2001, Sarcopenia, J Lab Clin Med, 137, 231, 10.1067/mlc.2001.113504

Janssen, 2002, Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability, J Am Geriatr Soc, 50, 889, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x

Castillo, 2003, Sarcopenia in elderly men and women: The Rancho Bernardo study, Am J Prev Med, 25, 226, 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00197-1

Gillette-Guyonnet, 2003, Body composition in French women 75+ years of age: The EPIDOS study, Mech Ageing Dev, 124, 311, 10.1016/S0047-6374(02)00198-7

Iannuzzi-Sucich, 2002, Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in healthy, older men and women, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 57, M772, 10.1093/gerona/57.12.M772

Tanko, 2002, Appendicular lean tissue mass and the prevalence of sarcopenia among healthy women, Metabolism, 51, 69, 10.1053/meta.2002.28960

Melton, 2000, Epidemiology of sarcopenia, J Am Geriatr Soc, 48, 625, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x

Gallagher, 1997, Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: Effects of age, gender, and ethnicity, J Appl Physiol, 83, 229, 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.229

Pichard, 2000, Reference values of fat-free and fat masses by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 3393 healthy subjects, Nutrition, 16, 245, 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00256-2

Janssen, 2004, Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women, Am J Epidemiol, 159, 413, 10.1093/aje/kwh058

Schaap, 2006, Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength, Am J Med, 119, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.049

Lauretani, 2003, Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: An operational diagnosis of sarcopenia, J Appl Physiol, 95, 1851, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003

Metter, 2002, Skeletal muscle strength as a predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy men, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 57, B359, 10.1093/gerona/57.10.B359

Newman, 2006, Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 61, 72, 10.1093/gerona/61.1.72

Janssen, 2006, Influence of sarcopenia on the development of physical disability: The Cardiovascular Health Study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 54, 56, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00540.x

Cosqueric, 2006, Sarcopenia is predictive of nosocomial infection in care of the elderly, Br J Nutr, 96, 895, 10.1017/BJN20061943

Heber, 1996, Clinical detection of sarcopenic obesity by bioelectrical impedance analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 64, 472S, 10.1093/ajcn/64.3.472S

Baumgartner, 2004, Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly, Obes Res, 12, 1995, 10.1038/oby.2004.250

Davison, 2002, Percentage of body fat and body mass index are associated with mobility limitations in people aged 70 and older from NHANES III, J Am Geriatr Soc, 50, 1802, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50508.x

Goodpaster, 1999, Intramuscular lipid content is increased in obesity and decreased by weight loss, Am J Physiol, 277, E1130

Bassey, 1992, Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women, Clin Sci, 82, 321, 10.1042/cs0820321

Zoico, 2004, Physical disability and muscular strength in relation to obesity and different body composition indexes in a sample of healthy elderly women, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, 234, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802552

Guralnik, 1995, Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of sebsequent disability, N Engl J Med, 332, 556, 10.1056/NEJM199503023320902