Saltatory Ontogeny and the Life-History Model: Neglected Processes and Patterns of Evolution

Adolph, E.T. 1982. Physiological integrations in action. The Physiologist 25(Suppl. 5):1–67. Alberch, Pere. 1980. Ontogenesis and morphological diversification. American Zoologist 20:653–667. Augros, Robert & George Stanciu. 1988. The new biology. Discovering the wisdom in nature. Shambala Publications, Boston. Balon, Eugene K. 1959. Die embryonale und larvale Entwicklung der Donauzope (Abramis ballerus subsp.). Biologicke prace 5:1–87. Balon, Eugene K. 1975. Reproductive guilds of fishes: a proposal and definition. J. Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:821–864. Balon, Eugene K. 1977. Early ontogeny of Labeotropheus Ahl, 1927 (Mbuna, Cichlidae, Lake Malawi), with a discussion on advanced protective styles in fish reproduction and development. Environmental Biology of Fishes 2:147–176. Balon, Eugene K. 1978. Reproductive guilds and the ultimate structure of fish taxocenes: amended contribution to the discussion presented at the mini-symposium. Environmental Biology of Fishes 3:149–152. Balon, Eugene K. 1979a. The theory of saltation and its application in the ontogeny of fishes: steps and thresholds. Environmental Biology of Fishes 4:97–101. Balon, Eugene K. 1979b. The juvenilization process in phylogeny and the altricial to precocial forms in the ontogeny of fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 4:193–198. Balon, Eugene K. (ed.) 1980. Charrs: salmonid fishes of the genus Salvelinus. Perspectives in Vertebrate Science 1, Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. Balon, Eugene K. 1981a. About processes which cause the evolution of guilds and species. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6:129–138. Balon, Eugene K. 1981b. Saltatory processes and altricial to precocial forms in the ontogeny of fishes. American Zoologist 21:573–596. Balon, Eugene K. 1981c. Additions and amendments to the classification of reproductive styles in fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6:377–390. Balon, Eugene K. 1983. Epigenetic mechanisms: re¯ections on evolutionary processes. Canadian J. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:2045–2058. Balon, Eugene K. 1984a. Life histories of Arctic charrs: an epigenetic explanation of their invading ability and evolution. Pp. 109–141 in Lionel Johnson & B. Burns (ed.) Biology of the Arctic Charr: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Arctic Charr, University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg. Balon, Eugene K. 1984b. Patterns in the evolution of reproductive styles in fishes. Pp. 35–53. In: Geoffrey W. Potts & Robert J. Wootton (ed.) Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics, Academic Press, London. Balon, Eugene K. (ed.) 1985. Early life histories of fishes: new developmental, ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes 5, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht. Balon, Eugene K. 1986a. Saltatory ontogeny and evolution. Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum 79:151–190 (in English and Italian). Balon, Eugene K. 1986b. Types of feeding in the ontogeny of fishes and the life-history model. Environmental Biology of Fishes 16:11–24. Balon, Eugene K. 1988a. Tao of life: universality of dichotomy in biology. 1. The mystic awareness. Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum 81:185–230 (in English and Italian). Balon, Eugene K. 1988b. Tao of life: universality of dichotomy in biology. 2. The epigenetic mechanisms. Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum 81:339–380 (in English and Italian). Balon, Eugene K. 1989a. The Tao of life: from the dynamic unity of polar opposites to self-organization. Pp. 7–40 in Michael N. Bruton (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, Perspectives in Vertebrate Science6, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Balon, Eugene K. 1989b. The epigenetic mechanisms of bifurcation and alternative life-history styles. Pp. 467–501 in Michael N. Bruton (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, Perspectives in Vertebrate Science 6, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Balon, Eugene K. 1990. Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes. Guelph Ichthyol. Reviews 1:1–42. Balon, Eugene K. 1999. Alternative ways to become a juvenile or a definitive phenotype (and on some persisting linguistic offenses). Environmental Biology of Fishes 56:17–38. Balon, Eugene K. 2002. Epigenetic processes, when natura non facit saltum becomes a myth, and alternative ontogenies a mechanism of evolution. Env. Biol. Fish. 65:1–33. Baylis, Jeffrey R. 1981. The evolution of parental care in fishes, with reference to Darwin's rule of male sexual selection. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6:223–251. Bell, Graham. 1980. The costs of reproduction and their consequences. American Naturalist 116:45–76. Blumer, Lawrence S. 1982. A bibliography and categorization of bony fishes exhibiting parental care. Zoological J. Linnean Society 76:1–22. Brody, Samuel. 1945. Bioenergetics and growth with special reference to the efficiency complex in domestic animals. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Bronowski, Jacob. 1970. New concepts in the evolution of complexity: stratified stability and unbounded plans. Zygon 5:18–35. Bruton, Michael Noel. 1994. The epigenesis of an epigeneticist: an interview with Eugene Balon. South African Journal of Science 90:270–275 + cover. Campbell, C.M. & David R. Idler. 1976. Hormonal control of vitellogenesis in hypophysectomized winter ¯ounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum). General and Comparative Endocrinology 28:143–150. Castle, Peter H.J. 1973. A giant notacanthiform leptocephalus from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Records of the Dominion Museum (Wellington) 8(8):121–124. Cohen, Jack. 1977. Reproduction. Butterworths, London. Crawford, Stephen S. & Eugene K. Balon. 1994a. Alternative life histories of the genus Lucania: 1. Early ontogeny of L. parva, the rainwater killifish. Environmental Biology of Fishes 40:349–389. Crawford, Stephen S. & Eugene K. Balon. 1994b. Alternative life histories of the genus Lucania: 2. Early ontogeny of L. goodei, the bluefin killifish. Environmental Biology of Fishes 41:331–368. Crawford, Stephen S. & Eugene K. Balon. 1994c. Alternative life histories of the genus Lucania:3.An ecomorphological explanation of altricial (L. parva) and precocial (L. goodei) species. Environmental Biology of Fishes 41:369–402. Crawford, Stephen S. & Eugene K. Balon. 1996. Cause and effect of parental care in fishes: an epigenetic perspective. Pp. 53–107 in J.S. Rosenblatt & C.T. Snowdon (ed.) Parental Care: Evolution, Mechanisms, and Adaptive Significance, Advances in the Study of Behavior 25, Academic Press, San Diego. Crawford, Stephen S., Eugene K. Balon & Kevin S. McCann. 1999. A mathematical technique for estimating blastodisc: yolk volume ratios instead of egg sizes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 54:229–234. Cunningham, Joan E.R. & Eugene K. Balon. 1985. Early ontogeny of Adinia xenica (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes): 1. The development of embryos in hiding. Environmental Biology of Fishes 14:115–166. Cunningham, Joan E.R. & Eugene K. Balon. 1986a. Early ontogeny of Adinia xenica (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes): 2. Implications of embryonic resting interval for larval development. Environmental Biology of Fishes 15:15–45. Cunningham, Joan E.R. & Eugene K. Balon. 1986b. Early ontogeny of Adinia xenica (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes): 3. Comparison and evolutionary significance of some patterns in epigenesis of egg-scattering, hiding and bearing cyprinodontiforms. Environmental Biology of Fishes 15:91–105. Dawkins, Richard. 1982. The extended phenotype. W.H. Freeman, Oxford. Doherty, Peter J., David McB. Williams & Peter F. Sale. 1985. The adaptive significance of larval dispersal in coral reef fishes. Env. Biol. Fish. 12:81–90. Flegler-Balon, Christine. 1989. Direct and indirect development in fishes-examples of alternative life-history styles. Pp. 71–100 in Michael N. Bruton (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Fostner, H., S. Hinterleitner, K. Mahr & Wolfgang Wieser. 1983. Towards a better definition of ‘metamorphosis’ in Coregonus sp.: biochemical, histological, and physiological data. Canadian J. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40:1224–1232. Garstang, Walter. 1929. The origin and evolution of larval forms. Rep. 96th Meeting British Assoc. Adv. Sci. London:77–98. Gerbilsky, N.L. 1956. The role of nervous systems in determining the process of change in fish spawning conditions. Trudy Karelskogo fil. Acad. Sci. SSSR 5:6–12 (in Russian). Gilbert, Scott F. 1991. Induction and the origins of developmental genetics. Pp. 181–206 in Scott F. Gilbert (ed.) A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Gold, John R., W.J. Karel & M.R. Strand. 1980. Chromosome formulae of North American fishes. Progressive Fish-Culturist 42:10–23. Goto, Akira. 1980. Geographical distribution and variation of two types of Cottus nozawae in Hokkaido, and morphological characteristics of C. amblystomopsis from Sakhalin. Japanese J. of Ichthyology 27:97–105. Goto, Akira. 1982. Reproductive behavior of a river sculpin, Cottus nozawae Snyder. Japanese J. of Ichthyology 28:453–457. Gottlieb, Gilbert. 1992. Individual development and evolution. Oxford University Press, New York. Gould, Stephen Jay. 1977. Ontogeny and phylogeny. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Greenwood, P. Humphry. 1989. Ontogeny and evolution: saltatory or otherwise? Pp. 245–259 in Michael N. Bruton (ed.) Alternative Life-History Styles of Animals, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. Gulidov, M.V. & K.S. Popova. 1982. Egg survival, hatching dynamics, and morphological peculiarities of prolarva of kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum (Cyprinidae), in relation to temperature. J. Ichthyology 22 (3):81–89. Haigh, Eliria Heloise. 1990. An analysis of the early ontogeny of Aplocheilichthys johnstoni (Gunter, 1893) from a life history perspective. M.Sc. Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. Hall, Brian K. 1984. Developmental processes underlying heterochrony as an evolutionary mechanism. Canadian J. of Zoology 62:1–7. Hall, Brain K. 1992. Evolutionary developmental biology. Chapman & Hall, London. 275 pp. Hall, Brian K. 2001. Organic selection: proximate environmental effects on the evolution of morphology and behaviour. Biology and Philosophy 16:215–237. Hedgpeth, Joel Walker. (ed.) 1978. The outer shores, Part 1, Ed Ricketts and John Steinbeck explore the Pacific coast. Mad River Press, Eureka. Helvik, Jon Vidar. 1991. Biology of hatching: mechanism and control of hatching in eggs of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Dr. Scient. Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen. 43 pp. + Helvik, Jon Vidar & Bernt Theodor Walther. 1992. Photo-regulation of the hatching process of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) eggs. J. Experimental Zoology 263:204–209. Helvik, Jon Vidar & Bernt Theodor Walther. 1993a. Environmental parameters affecting induction of hatching in halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) embryos. Marine Biology 116:39–45. Helvik, Jon Vidar & Bernt Theodor Walther. 1993b. Development of hatchability in halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) embryos. International J. of Developmental Biology 37:487–490. Hitching, Francis. 1982. The neck of the giraffe or where Darwin went wrong. Pan Books, London. Ho, Mae-Wan. 1984. Where does biological form come from? Rivista di Biologia 77:147–179. Ho, Mae-Wan. 1988. How rational can rational morphology be? A post-Darwinian rational taxonomy based on a structuralism of process. Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum 81:11–55. Holden, Kathleen K. & Michael N. Bruton. 1992. A life-history approach to the early ontogeny of the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Pisces, Cichlidae). South African J. of Zoology 27:173–191. Holden, Kathleen K. & Michael N. Bruton. 1994. The early ontogeny of the southern mouthbrooder, Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Pisces, Cichlidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes 41:311–329. Holm, Eric. 1985. The evolution of generalist and specialist species. Pp. 87–93 in Elizabeth S. Vrba (ed.) Species and Speciation, Transvaal Museum Monograph 4, Pretoria. Hubbard, Ruth. 1982.The theory and practice of genetic reductionism-from Mendel's laws to genetic engineering. Pp. 62–78 in Steven Rose (ed.) Towards a Liberatory Biology, Allison and Busby, London. Jagersten, Gosta. 1972. Evolution of the metazoan life cycle. Academic Press, London. Jantsch, Erich. 1980. The self-organizing universe. Scientific and human implications of the emerging paradigm of evolution. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Kamler, Ewa. 1992. Early life history of fish. An energetics approach. Chapman & Hall, London. Kauffman, Stuart A. 1969. Metabolic stability and epigenesis in randomly constructed genetic nets. J. Theoretical Biology 22:437–467. Kauffman, Stuart A. 1974. The large scale structure and dynamics of gene control circuits: an ensemble approach. J. Theoretical Biology 44:167–190. Khalil, Elias L. 2000. Survival of the most foolish of fools: the limits of evolutionary selection theory. Journal of Bioeconomics 2:203–220. Kolliker, R.A. von. 1864. Uber die Darwinische Schopfungstheorie. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 14:74–86. Koshelev, B.V. 1978. Studies of the ecomorphological principles of fish development in relation to environmental change. Pp. 3–9 in B.V. Koshelev (ed.) Ecomorphological and Ecophysiological Studies of Fish Development, Nauka Press, Moscow (in Russian). Koshelev, B.V. 1981. Ecomorphological investigations of the reproduction and development of fishes. Pp. 53–58 in Milan Penaz & Miroslav Prokes (ed.) Topical Problems in Ichthyology, Czech. Acad. Sci., Brno. Kovac, Vladimir. 1992. Early development of the yellow pope, Gymnocephalus schraetser. Folia Zoologica 41: 372–385. Kovac, Vladimir. 1993a. Early development of the ruff, Gymnocephalus cernuus. Folia Zoologica 42:269–280. Kovac, Vladimir. 1993b. Early development of the Balon's ruff, Gymnocephalus baloni Holcik & Hensel 1974. Folia Zoologica 42:351–362. Kovac, Vladimir. 2000. Early development of Zingel streber. J. Fish Biology 57:1381–1403. Kryzhanovsky, Sergey Grigoryevitch, N.N. Disler & E.N. Smirnova. 1953. Ecomorphological principles of development in percids. Trudy Inst. Morph. Zhivotnych Severtsova 10:3–138 (in Russian). Lampl, M., J.D. Veldhuis & M.L. Johnson. 1992. Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth. Science 258:801–803. Laszlo, Ervin. 1987. Evolution. The grand synthesis. Shambhala, Boston. Lovtrup, Sùren. 1987. Darwinism: the refutation of a myth. Croom Helm, London. Lynn, W. Gardner. 1942. The embryology of Eleutherodactylus nubicola, an anuran which has no tadpole stage. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Contr. Embryology 30:27–62. Maddox, John. 1986. The reality of the quantum jump. Nature 323:577. Makeyeva, Alla Petrovna. 1988. Review of ‘Early life histories of fishes: new developmental, ecological and evolutionary perspectives (by E.K. Balon)’. Voprosy Ichtiologii 28:697–700 (in Russian). Margulis, Lynn. 1981. Symbiosis in cell evolution. Life and its environment on the early earth. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. Matsuda, Ryuichi. 1987. Animal evolution in changing environments with special reference to abnormal metamorphosis. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Maturana, Humberto R. & Francisco J. Varela. 1988. The tree of knowledge. The biological roots of human understanding. Shambhala, Boston. Matveyev, B.S. 1955. Teaching on the ‘stepwise (stagewise)’ ontogeny in animals. Pp. 111–122 in Problems of Present Embryology, Proc. Embryol. Conf., Leningrad (in Russian). Mayden, Richard L. & Robert M. Wood. 1995. Systematics, species concepts, and the evolutionarily significant unit in biodiversity and conservation biology. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17:58–113. Maynard Smith, John. 1983. Evolution and development. Pp. 33–45 in B.C. Goodwin, N. Holder & C.C. Wylie (ed.) Development and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, London. Medawar, Peter B. & Joan S. Medawar. 1983. Aristotle to zoos. A philosophical dictionary of biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Metz, J.A.J., T.J. de Jong & P.G.L. Klinkhamer. 1983. What are the advantages of dispersing: a paper by Kuno explained and extended. Oecologia 57:166–169. Miller, Peter J. 1979. Adaptiveness and implications of small size in teleosts. Symposium of the zoological Society of London 44:263–306. Milton, Richard. 1997. Shattering the myths of Darwinism, 2nd edition. Park Street Press, Rochester. Moser, H. Geoffrey. 1981. Morphological and functional aspects of marine fish larvae. Pp. 89–131 in R. Lasker (ed.) Marine Fish Larvae, Washington Sea Grant Program, Seattle. Nelson, Joseph S. & Paul J.B. Hart (ed.) 1999. Species concept in fish biology. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 9:275–386. Ng, T.B. & David R. Idler. 1978. ‘Big’ and ‘little’ forms of plaice vitellogenic and maturational hormones. General and Comparative Endocrinology 34:408–420. Nice, Margaret Morse. 1962. Development of behavior in precocial birds. Trans. Linn. Soc. New York 8. O'Connor, Raymond J. 1984. The growth and development of birds. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Oster, George & Pere Alberch. 1982. Evolution and bifurcation of developmental programs. Evolution 36:444–459. Penaz, Milan. 1981. Ecomorphological principles and saltation in the early ontogeny of salmonid fishes. Pp. 95–100 in Milan Penaz & Miroslav Prokes (ed.) Topical Problems in Ichthyology, Czech. Acad. Sci.,Brno. Penaz, Milan. 1983. Ecomorphological laws and saltation in the early ontogeny of Salmonoidei. Folia Zoologica 32:365–373. Pirozynski, K.A. & D.W. Malloch. 1975. The origin of land plants: a matter of mycotrophism. Biosystems 6:153–164. Pollard, Jeffrey W. (ed.) 1984. Evolutionary theory: paths into the future. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Prigogine, Ilya. 1961. Introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Wiley-Interscience, New York. Prigogine, Ilya. 1980. From being to becoming. Time and complexity in the physical sciences. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco. Raff, Rudolf A. & Thomas C. Kaufman. 1983. Embryos, genes, and evolution. The developmental-genetic basis of evolutionary change. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. Riedl, Rupert. 1975. Die Ordnung des Lebenden: Systembedingungen der Evolution. Paul Parey, Hamburg. Riedl, Rupert. 1988. The system theory of evolution. Pp. 4–29 in Ferdinand Schmidt (ed.) Neodarwinistische oder kybernetische Evolution? Universitatsdruckerei, Heidelberg. Sapp, Jan. 1987. Beyond the gene. Cytoplasmic inheritance and the struggle for authority in genetics. Oxford University Press, New York. Saunders, Peter T. 1984. Development and evolution. Pp. 243–263 in Mae-Wan Ho & Peter T. Saunders (ed.) Beyond neo-Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm, Academic Press, London. Schmidt, Ferdinand. 1985. Grundlagen der kybernetischen Evolution. Eine neue Evolutions-theorie. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. Schmidt, Ferdinand. (ed.) 1988. Neodarwinistische oder kybernetische Evolution? Bericht uber ein Internationales Symposium vom 15–17. 7. 1987 in Heidelberg, 2 Au¯age. Universitatsdruckerei, Heidelberg. Sermonti, Giuseppe. 1988. L'I Ching e il codice genetico. Il Tao della biologia (I Ching and the genetic code. The Tao of biology). Abstracta 3 (31):66–73. Shilov, Igor Aleksandrovitch. 1965. On the stages of the individual development of birds. Zool. Zh. 44:1825–1834 (in Russian). Soin, Sergey Gavrilovitch. 1968. Adaptational features in fish ontogeny. Moscow University Press, Moscow. 90 pp. (in Russian, translated into English by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Published for the U.S. Department of Commerce and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 1971, 72 pp.). Soin, Sergey Gavrilovitch. 1969. Adaptational features in the development of fishes. Probl. Ichthyol. 9:298–299. Steele, Edward J., Reginald M. Gorczynski & Jeffrey W. Pollard. 1984. The somatic selection of acquired characters. Pp. 217–237 in Jeffrey W. Pollard (ed.) Evolutionary Theory: Path Into the Future, John Willey & Sons, Chichester. Steinbeck, John. 1960. The log from the Sea of Cortez. Pan Books, London. Strathmann, Richard R. 1993. Review of ‘Larvae and evolution: toward a new zoology’, by D.I. Williamson. The Quarterly Review of Biology 68:280–282. Townsend, Daniel S. & Margaret M. Stewart. 1985. Direct development in Eleutherodactylus coqui (Anura: Leptodactylidae): a staging table. Copeia 1985:423–436. Van Bohemen, J.G.D., H.J. Lambert, T. Goos & P.G.W. Van Oordt. 1982. Estrone and estradiol participation during exogenous vitellogenesis in the female rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. General and Comparative Endocrinology 46:81–92. Van Tienhoven, Ari. 1983. Reproductive physiology of vertebrates. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Van Valen, Leigh. 1976. Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks. Taxon 25:233–259. Vasnetsov, Vladimir Viktorovitch. 1953. Etaps in the development of bony fishes. Pp. 207–217 in E.N. Pavlovsky (ed.) Otcherky po Obshtch. Vopr. Ichtiologii, Acad. Sci. SSSR Press, Moscow (in Russian). Vrba, Elizabeth S. 1980. Evolution, species and fossils: how does life evolve? South African J. of Science 76: 61–84. Waddington, Conrad Hal. 1961. Genetic assimilation. Adv. Genet. 10:257–290. Waddington, Conrad Hal. 1962. New patterns in genetics and development. Columbia University Press, New York. Waddington, Conrad Hal. 1975. The evolution of an evolutionist. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Waddington, Conrad Hal. 1977. Tools for thought. Paladin, Frogmore. Wake, Marvalee H. 1989. Phylogenesis of direct development and viviparity in vertebrates. Pp. 235–250 in David B. Wake & G. Roth (ed.) Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. Wells, Herbert George. 1904. Food of the gods and how it came to earth. McMillan, London. Wiley, Ed O. & Daniel R. Brooks. 1982. Victims of history-a nonequilibrium approach to evolution. Systematic Zoology 31:1–24. Williamson, Donald I. 1992. Larvae and evolution. Toward a new zoology. Chapman and Hall, New York. Wray, Gregory A. 1995. Punctuated evolution of embryos. Science 267:1115–1116. Yamagami, Kenjiro. 1981. Mechanisms of hatching in fish: secretion of hatching enzyme and enzymatic choriolysis. American Zoologist 21:459–471. Yamamoto, M., I. Iuchi & Kenjiro Yamagami. 1979. Ultrastructural changes of the teleostean hatching gland cell during natural and electrically induced precocious secretion. Developmental Biology 68:162–174. Yeremeyeva, E.F. 1967. The etap theory of fish development and its relationship to other theorems on developmental discontinuity. Pp. 3–17 in A.M. Gibalevitch & M.T. Chernyakova (ed.) Morfoecologitscheskiy Analiz Razvitya Ryb, Nauka Press, Moscow (in Russian).