Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is approximately 50,000 years old
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Achtman, 1999, Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 14043, 10.1073/pnas.96.24.14043
Altwegg, 1989, Ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns provide increased sensitivity for typing Salmonella typhi strains, J. Infect. Dis., 160, 145, 10.1093/infdis/160.1.145
Clutton-Brock, J., 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Animals, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Connerton, 2000, Epidemic typhoid in Vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhi from four outbreaks, J. Clin. Microbiol., 38, 895, 10.1128/JCM.38.2.895-897.2000
Diamond, J., 1997. Guns, Germs and Steel. Jonathan Cape, London.
Echeita, 1998, Chromosomal rearrangements in Salmonella enterica serotype typhi affecting molecular typing in outbreak investigations, J. Clin. Microbiol., 36, 2123, 10.1128/JCM.36.7.2123-2126.1998
Guerrero, 1994, Asymptomatic Shigella infections in a cohort of Mexican children younger than two years of age, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 13, 597, 10.1097/00006454-199407000-00003
Guttman, 1994, Clonal divergence in E. coli as a result of recombination, not mutation, Science, 266, 1380, 10.1126/science.7973728
Jukes, T.H., Cantor, C.R., 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro, H.N. (Ed.), Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Academic Press, New York, pp. 21–132.
Keim, 1997, Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, J. Bacteriol., 179, 818, 10.1128/jb.179.3.818-824.1997
Kingsley, 2000, Host adaptation and the emergence of infectious disease: the Salmonella paradigm, Mol. Microbiol., 36, 1006, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01907.x
Liu, 1995, Rearrangements in the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92, 1018, 10.1073/pnas.92.4.1018
Maiden, 1998, Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95, 3140, 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3140
McKinney, J.D., Jacobs Jr., W.R., Bloom, B.R., 1998. Persisting problems in tuberculosis. In: Krause, R.M. (Ed.), Emerging Infections. Academic Press, New York, pp. 51–146.
Miller, S.I., Hohmann, E.L., Pegues, D.A., 1994. Salmonella (including Salmonella typhi). In: Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.R., Dolin, R. (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 2013–2033.
Nair, 2000, Genotypic characterization of Salmonella typhi by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting provides increased discrimination as compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping, J. Microbiol. Methods, 41, 35, 10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00148-2
Nastasi, 1991, rDNA fingerprinting as a tool in epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi infections, Epidemiol. Infect., 107, 565, 10.1017/S0950268800049268
Navarro, 1996, Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, J. Clin. Microbiol., 34, 2831, 10.1128/JCM.34.11.2831-2834.1996
Ng, 1999, Role of genomic rearrangements in producing new ribotypes of Salmonella typhi, J. Bacteriol., 181, 3536, 10.1128/JB.181.11.3536-3541.1999
Ochman, 1987, Evolution in bacteria: evidence for a universal substitution rate in cellular genomes, J. Mol. Evol., 26, 74, 10.1007/BF02111283
Ochman, 1999, Calibrating bacterial evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 12638, 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12638
Pang, 1992, Genetic variation among Malaysian isolates of Salmonella typhi as detected by ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns, Microbiol. Immunol., 36, 539, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02053.x
Pang, 1998, Typhoid fever—important issues still remain, Trends Microbiol., 6, 131, 10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01236-0
Parkhill, 2001, Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18, Nature, 413, 848, 10.1038/35101607
Pupo, 2000, Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of E. coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97, 10567, 10.1073/pnas.180094797
Reeves, 1989, Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other Salmonella as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb nov, J. Clin. Microbiol., 27, 313, 10.1128/JCM.27.2.313-320.1989
Rozas, 1999, DnaSP version 3.0: an integrated program for molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis, Bioinformatics, 15, 174, 10.1093/bioinformatics/15.2.174
Selander, 1990, Evolutionary genetic relationships of clones of Salmonella serovars that cause human typhoid and other enteric fevers, Infect. Immunol., 58, 2262, 10.1128/IAI.58.7.2262-2275.1990
Smith, B.D., 1998. The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library, New York.
Sreevatsan, 1997, Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 9869, 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9869
Thong, 1994, Epidemiologic analysis of sporadic Salmonella typhi isolates and those from outbreaks by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, J. Clin. Microbiol., 32, 1135, 10.1128/JCM.32.5.1135-1141.1994
Thong, 1997, Genome size variation among recent human isolates of Salmonella typhi, Res. Microbiol., 148, 229, 10.1016/S0923-2508(97)85243-6
Threlfall, 1994, Insertion sequence IS200 fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi: an assessment of epidemiological applicability, Epidemiol. Infect., 112, 253, 10.1017/S0950268800057666
van Pinxteren, 2000, Control of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on CD8 T cells, Eur. J. Immunol., 30, 3689, 10.1002/1521-4141(200012)30:12<3689::AID-IMMU3689>3.0.CO;2-4
Whittam, T.S., 1996. Genetic variation and evolutionary processes in natural populations of E. coli. In: Curtiss III, R., Ingraham, J.L., Lin, E.C.C., Low, K.B., Magasanik, B., Reznikoff, W.S., Riley, M., Schaechter, M., Umbarger, H.E. (Eds.), E. coli and Salmonella. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 2708–2720.