Safety assessment of chromium by exposure from cosmetic products
Tóm tắt
Low level impurities often reside in cosmetic products. The aim of the present study was to estimate the human exposure to chromium from cosmetic products purchased at a local market in South Korea, and to assess the risk on public health. Hexavalent chromium is an impurity substance that contaminates cosmetic products during manufacture. The potential for chromium to induce and elicit allergic contact dermatitis, as well as the degree of chromium exposure from cosmetic products, were assessed. Chromium exposure was estimated using the chromium concentrations found in cosmetic samples taken from the local market along with the expected user pattern data that was taken from the literature. Of the cosmetics we tested and available for purchase on the Korean market, seven had chromium contents above the detection limit of 0.1 ppm (0.1 μg/mL), ranging from 0.2 to 3.15 ppm. In risk assessment, scientifically defensible dose-response relationships must be established for the end points of concern. In the case of chromium contaminated cosmetic products, this includes conducting dose-response assessments for allergic contact dermatitis following dermal exposure. This dose-response information can then be integrated with site-specific exposure assessments to regulate consumer safety by use of these products. We found that dermal exposure to chromium concentrations ranging from 0.0002 to 0.003 μg/cm2 does not appear to cause concern for eliciting allergic contact dermatitis.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arfsten, D. P., Azadi, S., Butterworth, L. F., and Meade, B. J., Hydrocarbon-based weapons maintenance compounds produce evidence of contact hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice. Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol., 25(3), 185–194 (2006).
ASTDR. Toxicological Profile for chromium. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Services, Atlanta, GA. TP-92/08. (1993).
Basketter, D., Horev, L., Slodovnik, D., Merimes, S., Trattner, A., and Ingber, A., Investigation of the threshold for allergic reactivity to chromium. Contact. Dermatits, 44, 70–74 (2001).
Basketter, D. A., Angelini, G., Ingber, A., Kern, P. S., and Menné, T., Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: revisiting safe levels in the new millennium. Contact. Dermatits, 49, 1–7 (2003).
Cassimos, C., Kanakoudi-Tsakalidis, F., Spyroglou, K., Ladianos, M., and Tzaphi, R., Skin sensitization to 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in the first months of life. J. Clin. Lab. Immuno., 3(2), 111–113 (1980).
Cohen, M. D., Kargacin, B., Klein, C. B., and Costa, M., Mechanisms of chromium carcinogenicity and toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 23, 255–281 (1993).
Cockshott, A., Evans, P., Ryan, C. A., Gerberick, G. F., Betts, C. J., Dearman, R. J., Kimber, I., and Basketter, D. A., The local lymph node assay in practice: a current regulatory perspective. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 25(7), 387–394 (2006).
Dearman, R. J., Basketter, D. A., and Kimber, I., Local lymph node assay: Use in hazard and risk assessment. J. Appl. Toxicol., 19, 299–306 (1999).
Dearman, R. J. and Kimber, I., Development of the Local Lymph node assay for risk assessment of chemicals and formulations. Local lymph node assay: use in hazard and risk assessment. HSE Books. (2001).
EPA. Pesticides: policy issues related to the food quality protection act. Fed. Reg., 64(130), 37001–37009, (1996).
EPA. Toxicological review of hexavalent chromium. USEPA Washington, DC.1–65, (1998).
EPA. Public health goal for chromium in drinking water. Office of Environmental Helath Hazard Assessment, pp. 1–20, California, (1999).
EU. The Scientific committee on cosmetic products and nonfood products intended for consumers. Notes of guidance for testing of cosmetic ingredients for their safety evaluation. SCCNFP/0119/99, 56–59, (1999).
Felter, S. P. and Dourson, M. L., Hexavalent chromium-contaminated soils: options for risk assessment and risk management. Reg. Toxicol and Pharmacol., 25, 43–59 (1997).
Fowler, J. F. Jr., Kauffman, C. L., Marks, J. G. Jr., Proctor, D. M., Fredrick, M. M., Otani, J. M., Finley, B. L., Paustenbach, D. J., and Nethercott, J. R., An environmental hazard assessment of low-level dermal exposure to hexavalent chromium in solution among chromium-sensitized volunteers. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 41(3), 150–160 (1999).
Gammelgaard, B., Fullerton, A., Avnstorp, C., and Menné, T., In vitro evaluation of water and petrolatum as vehicles in chromate patch testing. Contact Dermatitis, 27(5), 317–318 (1992).
Gerberick, G. F., Ryan, C. A., Dearman, R. J., and Kimber, I., Local lymph node assay (LLNA) for detection of sensitiza tion capacity of chemicals. Methods, 41, 54–60 (2006).
Hansen, M. B., Johansen, J. D., and Menné, T., Chromium allergy: significance of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Contact Dermatitis, 49(4), 206–212 (2003).
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Chromium, Nickel and Welding Lyon. France. (1990).
Kang, E. K., Lee, S., Park, J. H., Joo, K. M., Jeong, H. J., and Chang, I. S., Determination of hexavalent chromium in cosmetic products by ion chromatography and postcolumn derivatization. Contact Dermatitis, 54, 244–248 (2006).
Kimber, I., Hilton, J., Dearman, R. J., Gerberick, G. F., Ryan, C. A., Basketter, D. A., Scholes, E. W., Ladics, G. S., Loveless, S. E., House, R. V., and Guy, A., An international evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay and comparison of modified procedures. Toxicology, 103(1), 63–73 (1995).
Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry. Regulation on the determination of cosmetic ingredients of Korea. Cosmetics evaluation team, Drug evaluation department, KFDA. http//ezcos.kfda.go.kr/kfda2. (2006).
Laura, R. and Ian, T., Toxicology and Ecotoxicology in chemical safety assessment. Blackwell publishing Ltd. Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK. pp. 11–16 (2005).
Lidén, S. and Lundberg, E., Penetration of chromium in intact human skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol, 72(1), 42–45 (1979).
Nethercott, J., Paustenbach, D., Adams, R., Fowler, J., Marks, J., Morton, C., Taylor, J., Horowitz, S., and Finley, B., A study of chromium induced allergic contact dermatitis with 54 volunteers: implications for environmental risk assessment. Occup. Environ. Med., 51(6), 371–380 (1994).
Roto, P., Sainio, H., Reunala, T., and Laippala, P., Addition of ferrous sulfate to cement and risk of chromium dermatitis among construction workers. Contact Dermatitis, 34(1), 43–50 (1996).
Shelnutt, S. R., Goad, P., and Belsito, D. V., Dermatological toxicity of hexavalent chromium. Crit Rev. Toxicol., 37(5), 375–387 (2007).
Thyssen, J. P., Johansen, J. D., and Menné, T., Contact allergy epidemics and their controls. Contact Dermatitis, 56, 185–195 (2007).
Wass, U. and Wahlberg, J. E., Chromated steel and contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis, 24, 114–118 (1991).
Wahlberg, J. E., Thresholds of sensitivity in metal contact allergy-2. The value of percutaneous absorption studies for selection of the most suitable vehicle. Berufsdermatosen, 21(4), 151–158 (1973).
WHO. Chromium, nickel and welding: summary of data reported and evaluation. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 49, 49–55 (1990).