Safety and Advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-Protected Plants to Control Insect Pests

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology - Tập 32 Số 2 - Trang 156-173 - 2000
Fred S Betz1, Bruce G. Hammond2, Roy L. Fuchs2
1Jellinek, Schwartz and Connolly, Washington, DC
2Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63198.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Amer, C, Berry, A. R. E, and, Kogan, M. 1999, Effects of phtyophagous Heteropteran predators of feeding on transgenic Bt potato plants. Submitted for publication.

Astwood, 1996, Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro, Nature Bio/Technol., 14, 1269, 10.1038/nbt1096-1269

Barbera, P. W. 1995, Toxicity/Pathogenicity Testing of Bacillus thuringiensis Strain EG 7826 Following Acute Oral Challenge in Rates, IITRI Project No. L08574, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL.

Baum, 1999, Bacillus thuringiensis natural and recombinant bioinsecticide products, 189

Berberich, 1996, Safety assessment of insect-protected cotton: The composition of the cottonseed is equivalent to conventional cottonseed, J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 365, 10.1021/jf950304i

Carter, J. N, Baker, M. N, and, Denton, S. M. 1993, Acute Oral Toxicity and Infectivity/Pathogenicity to Rats of EG7673, HRC Study Report No. ECO 1/930923, Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England.

Carter, J. N, and, Liggett, M. P. 1994, Acute Oral Toxicity and Infectivity/Pathogenicity to Rats of EG 7841, HRC Study Report No. ECO 6/942538, Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd. Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England.

Crickmore, 1998, Revision of the nomenclature for the Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal crystal proteins, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 62, 807, 10.1128/MMBR.62.3.807-813.1998

Culpepper, 1998, Weed management in glyphosate-tolerant cotton, J. Cotton Sci., 4, 174

David, R. M. 1998, Acute Oral Toxicity/Pathogenicity Study in the Rat. Unpublished study prepared for Ecogen, Inc. EPA MRID No. 409511-02.

Dively, G, Foster, J. E, Clark, T. L, and, Jones, G. D. 2000, Deposition of Corn Pollen on Milkweed Plants in Maryland and Nebraska. Presented at the Monarch Butterfly Research Symposium, Chicago, IL, Nov. 2, 1999, Agricultural Biotechnology Stewardship Working Group.

Dogan, 1996, Biological parameters of convergent lady beetle (Coleroptera; Coccinellidac) feeding on aphids (Homoptera; Aphidadae) on transgenic potato, J. Econ. Entomol., 89, 1105, 10.1093/jee/89.5.1105

English, 1992, Mode of action of delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis: A comparison with other bacterial toxins, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 22, 1, 10.1016/0965-1748(92)90093-T

EPA, 1986, EPA Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki, israelensis, and aizawai, September 1986 (Abbott).

EPA, 1988, EPA Guidance for the Re-registration of Pesticide Products Containing Bacillus thuringiensis as the Active Ingredient, Reregistration Standard 540; RS-89-023.

EPA, 1991, EPA Fact Sheet for Delta Endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis variety San Diego Encapsulated in Killed Ps fluorescens, June 27, 1991 (Mycogen Corporation).

EPA, 1995a, EPA Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki Cry1A(b) Delta Endotoxin and Its Controlling Sequences in Corn, March 21, 1995 (Ciba Seeds).

EPA, 1995b, EPA Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies tenebrionis Cry3A Delta Endotoxin and Its Controlling Sequences in Potato, May 5, 1995 (Monsanto).

EPA, 1995c, EPA Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki Cry1Ac Delta Endotoxin and Its Controlling Sequences as Expressed in Cotton, October 1995 (Monsanto).

EPA, 1996a, EPA Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki Strain EG 7841, September 1996 (Ecogen).

EPA, 1996b, EPA Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki Cry1A(b) Delta Endotoxin and Its Controlling Sequences as Expressed in Corn, December 20, 1996 (Monsanto).

EPA, 1997, EPA Fact Sheet for Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies kurstaki Cry1A(c) Delta Endotoxin and the Genetic Material Necessary for Its Production in Corn, March 1997 (DeKalb Genetics).

EPA, 1998a, EPA Registration Eligibility Decision (RED) Bacillus thuringiensis, EPA 738-R-98-004, March 1998.

EPA, 1998b, (RED Facts) Bacillus thuringiensis, EPA-738-F-98-001.

Falck-Zepeda, 1999

Federal Register, Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A(b) delta endotoxin and the genetic material necessary for its production in all plants; exemption from requirement of a tolerance; Final Rule; 61 FR 40340, August 2, 1996.

Feldman, 1992

Fischhoff, 1987, Insect tolerant transgenic tomato plants, Bio/Technology, 5, 807, 10.1038/nbt0887-807

Fisher, 1959, Toxicology of the microbial insecticide, Thuricide, Agric. Food Chem., 7, 686, 10.1021/jf60104a001

Fryxell, 1979

Fuchs, 1993, Purification and characterization of microbially expressed neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein and its equivalence to the plant expressed protein, Bio/Technology, 11, 1537, 10.1038/nbt1293-1537

Fuchs, 1993, Safety assessment of the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) protein, Bio/Technology, 11, 1543, 10.1038/nbt1293-1543

Fuchs, 1993, Safety evaluation of genetically engineered plants and plant products: Insect-resistant cotton, 199

Geiser, 1986, The hypervariable region in the genes coding for entomopathogenic crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis: Nucleotide sequence of the kurhd1 gene of subsp. kurstaki HD1, Gene, 48, 109, 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90357-4

Gianessi, 1999

Gould, 1998, Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: Integrating pest genetics and ecology, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 43, 701, 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.701

Graves, W. C, and, Swigert, J. P. 1997, Corn Pollen Containing the CryIA(b) Protein: A 48-Hour Static-Renewal Acute Toxicity Test with the Cladoceran (Daphnia magna), Monsanto Unpublished Report No. WL-96-322.

Halcomb, 1996, Survival and growth of bollworm and tobacco budworm on nontransgenic and transgenic cotton expressing a CryIA insecticidal protein (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), Environ. Entomol., 25, 250, 10.1093/ee/25.2.250

Hellmich, R. L, Lewis, L. C, and, Pleasants, J. M. 2000, Monarch Feeding Behavior and Bt Pollen Exposure Risks to Monarchs in Iowa, Presented at USDA Monarch Workshop, Kansas City, MO, February 24–25, 2000.

Hofmann, 1988, Binding of the delta endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis to brush-border membrane vesicles of the cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae), Eur. J. Biochem., 173, 85, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13970.x

Hofte, 1989, Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis, Microbiol. Rev., 53, 242, 10.1128/MR.53.2.242-255.1989

IPCS, 2000, International Programme on Chemical Safety—Environmental Health Criteria 217: Bacillus thuringiensis. WHO, http://www.who.int/pcs/docs/ehc_217.html.

James, 1997

James, 1998

James, 1999

Klotz-Ingram, 1999, Farm-level production effects related to the adoption of genetically modified cotton for pest management, AgBioForum, 2, 73

Knowles, 1987, Colloid-osmotic lysis is a general feature of the mechanisms of action of Bacillus thuringiensis (delta)-endotoxins with different insect specificity, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 924, 509, 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90167-X

Lavrik, 1995, Safety assessment of potatoes resistant to Colorado potato beetle, 148

Losey, 1999, Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae, Nature, 3999, 214, 10.1038/20338

Marasas, 1988, Fusarium moniliforme contamination of maize in oesophageal cancer areas in the Transkei, South Africa Med. J., 74, 110

Marra, M, Carlson, G, and, Hubbell, B. 1998, Economic Impacts of the First Crop Biotechnologies. Available on the World Wide Web at, http://www.ag.econ.ncsu.edu/faculty/marra/online.html.

Masoero, 1999, Nutritive value, mycotoxin contamination and in vitro rumen fermentation of normal and genetically modified corn (CryIA(B)) grown in northern Italy, Maydica, 44, 205

McClintock, 1995, A comparative review of the mammalian toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis-based pesticides, Pestic. Sci., 45, 95, 10.1002/ps.2780450202

Metcalfe, 1996, Assessment of the allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically engineered crop plants, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 36, S165, 10.1080/10408399609527763

Munkvold, 1997, Reduced Fusarium ear rot and symptomless infection in kernels of maize genetically engineered for European corn borer resistance, Phytopathology, 87, 1071, 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.10.1071

Munkvold, 1999, Comparison of fumonisin concentrations in kernels of transgenic Bt maize hybrids and nontransgenic hybrids, Plant Dis., 83, 130, 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.2.130

Norred, 1993, Fumonisins–mycotoxins produced, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 38, 309, 10.1080/15287399309531720

Noteborn, H. P. J. M, Rienenmann-Ploum, M. E, van den Berg, J. H. J, Alink, G. M, Zolla, L, and, Kuiper, H. A. 1993, Food safety of transgenic tomatoes expressing the insecticidal crystal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis and the marker enzyme APH(3′)II. Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent. 58/4b.

Noteborn, H. P. J. M, Rienenmann-Ploum, M. E, van den Berg, J. H. J, Alink, G. M, Zolla, L, and, Kuiper, H. A. 1994, Consuming transgenic food crops: The toxicological and safety aspects of tomato expressing Cry1Ab and NPTII. In, ECB6: Proceeding of the 6th European Congress on Biotechnology, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Palm, 1993, Transgenic plant pesticides: Fate and persistence in soil, Plant Physiol. Suppl., 102

Palm, 1994, Quantitation in soil of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki delta-endotoxin from transgenic plants, Mol. Ecol., 3, 145, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00115.x

Palm, 1996, Persistence in soil of transgenic plant produced Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki delta-endotoxin, Can. J. Microbiol., 42, 1258, 10.1139/m96-163

Perlak, 1990, Insect resistant cotton plants, Bio/Technology, 8, 939, 10.1038/nbt1090-939

Perlak, 1991, Modification of the coding sequence enhances plant expression of insect cotton protein genes, PNAS, 88, 3324, 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3324

Perlak, 1993, Genetically improved potatoes: protection from damage by Colorado potato beetles, Plant Mol. Biol., 22, 313, 10.1007/BF00014938

Pleasants, J. M, Hellmich, R. L, and, Lewis, L. C. 1999, Pollen Deposition on Milkweed Leaves under Natural Conditions and Assessment of Risk to Monarch Butterfly Larvae from Bt Pollen. Presented at the Monarch Butterfly Research Symposium, Chicago, IL, Nov. 2, 1999, Agricultural Biotechnology Stewardship Working Group.

Ream, 1992, In planta distribution and environmental fate of insect resistant proteins, Plant Physiol. Suppl., 99, 80

Reed, 1993, The effect of Colorado potato beetle control measures on non-target arthropods

Rice, 1998

Sanders, 1998, Safety assessment of the insect-protected corn, 241

Saxena, 1999, Transgenic plants: Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt corn, Nature, 402, 480, 10.1038/44997

Schnepf, 1981, Cloning and expression of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene in Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 2893, 10.1073/pnas.78.5.2893

Sears, M. K, Stanley-Horn, D. E, and, Mattila, H. R. 1999, Preliminary Report Investigating the Ecological Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Populations of Non-target Lepidoptera Including the Monarch Butterfly in Ontario. Report submitted to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Guelph, Ontario.

Sears, 2000, Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations

Sims, 1996, Insect bioassay for determining soil degradation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki [CryIAb)] protein in corn tissues, Environ. Entomol., 25, 659, 10.1093/ee/25.3.659

Sims, 1997, Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIIA, CryIIIA on Folsomia candida and Xenylla grisea (Insecta: Collembola), Pedobiologia, 41, 412

Sjoblad, 1992, Toxicological considerations for protein components of biological pesticide products, J. Econ. Entomol., 80, 717

Smith, 1997, An extension entomologist's 1996 observations of Bollgard Bt technology

Smith, 1999, Alabama entomologist believes genetic engineering and eradication will usher in a new era of cotton pests, Cotton Grower Plus

Spencer, T. M, Orozco, E. M, and, Doyle, R. M. 1996, Petition for Determination of Non-regulated Status: Insect Protected Corn (Zea mays L.) with cry1Ac Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. DEKALB Genetics Corporation, October 14, 1986.

Stephens, 1964, Native Hawaiian Cotton (Gossypium tomentosum Natt.), Pac. Sci., 18, 385

Taylor, 1996, Principles and characteristics of food allergens, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 36, S91, 10.1080/10408399609527761

Thompson, 1995, Structure, function and engineering of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, Genet. Eng., 17, 99

1975, APHIS, 25, 32

USDA Technical Assessment Systems, 1993, Exposure 1, Chronic Dietary Exposure Analysis Program (1987–88 or 1977–78 USDA Surveys), Technical Assessment Systems, Inc. Washington, DC.

USDA, 1998, Pest Management Practices: 1997 Summary. National Agricultural Statistics Service, SPCRI (98).

Vaeck, 1987, Transgenic plants protected from insect attack, Nature, 328, 33, 10.1038/328033a0

Weinzierl, 1997, Preliminary results of 1997 summer survey for Bt-resistant European corn borers, Pest Manage. Crop Dev. Bull., 22, 183

WHO (World Health Organization), 1998, GEMS/FOOD REGIONAL DIETS. Food Safety Unit, Programme of Food Safety and Food Aid, WHO/FSF/FOS/98.3 WHO.

Williams, M. R. 1997, Cotton insect losses 1979–1996. In, 1997 Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences.

Williams, M. R. 1999, Cotton Crop Losses. Retrieved June 1999 from the World Wide Web, http://www.msstate.edu/Entomology/CTNLOSS/1998loss.html.

Xia, 1999, The role of transgenic Bt cotton in integrated insect pest management, Acta Gossypii Sim., 11, 57