Thành tích STEM và Cung ứng: Đánh giá Bằng chứng cho Chính sách Giáo dục

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 28 - Trang 9-25 - 2018
Hal Salzman1, Beryl Lieff Benderly2
1E.J. Bloustein School of Planning & Public Policy, J.J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
2J.J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA

Tóm tắt

Mối quan hệ giữa chính sách giáo dục và chính sách lao động từ lâu đã không mấy hòa hợp. Nhiều người cho rằng hệ thống giáo dục của Hoa Kỳ đang suy giảm và hơn nữa, nó chịu trách nhiệm đáng kể cho một loạt các vấn đề xã hội, bao gồm lương stagnant, gia tăng bất bình đẳng, tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao và sự trì trệ kinh tế tổng thể. Tuy nhiên, như được phân tích trong bài báo này, bằng chứng cho thấy rõ ràng rằng hệ thống giáo dục của Hoa Kỳ đã sản xuất đủ nguồn cung sinh viên để đáp ứng nhu cầu thị trường lao động STEM. "Đường ống" sinh viên tiềm năng STEM cũng mạnh mẽ và đang mở rộng.

Từ khóa

#chính sách giáo dục #lực lượng lao động #STEM #thị trường lao động #bằng chứng nghiên cứu

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams, R. J. (2003). Response to ‘Cautions on OECD’s recent educational survey (PISA)’. Oxf Rev Educ, 29(3), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980307445. Amsden, A. H. (2001). The rise of “the rest”: challenges to the west from late-industrializing economies. New York: Oxford University Press. Baker, B., & Weber, M. (2016). Deconstructing the myth of American public schooling inefficiency. Washington, D.C.: Albert Shanker Institute http://www.shankerinstitute.org/resource/publicschoolinginefficiency. Barnow, B. S., Trutko, J., & Schede, J. (2013). Occupational labor shortages. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Berliner, D. C., & Biddle, B. J. (1997). The manufactured crisis. myths, fraud, and the attack of America's public schools. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Bohrnstedt, G., Kitmitto, S., Ogut, B., Sherman, D., & Chan, D. (2015). School composition and the black-white achievement gap: National assessment of educational progress, 2011; NCES 2015-018. Washington, DC: National Assessment of Educational Progress (Department of Education). Retrieved from: https://statistical.proquest.com/statisticalinsight/result/pqpresultpage.previewtitle?docType=PQSI&titleUri=/content/2015/4896-34.14.xml. Cappelli, P. (2012). Why good people can't get jobs: the skills gap and what companies can do about it. Philadelphia: Wharton Digital Press. Cappelli, P. (2015). Skill gaps, skill shortages, and skill mismatches: evidence and arguments for the United States. ILR Review, 68(2), 251–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793914564961. Carnoy, M., & Rothstein, R. (2015). What international test scores tell us. Society, 52(2), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-015-9869-3. Douglas, D., & Attewell, P. (2017). School mathematics as gatekeeper. Sociol Q, 58(4), 648–669. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1354733. Douglas, D. & Salzman, H. (2018). Classification counts: Assessing postsecondary mathematics course taking. Working paper, Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers University. Freeman, R. B. (1976). A cobweb model of the supply and starting salary of new engineers. Ind Labor Relat Rev, 29(2), 236–248. Freeman, R. B., & Salzman, H. (Eds.). (2018). U.S. engineering in a global economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gomory, R. E., & Baumol, W. J. (2000). Global trade and conflicting national interests. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hacker, A., (2015) The math myth. New York: The New Press. Handel, M. J. (2016). What do people do at work? Journal for Labour Market Research, 49(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12651-016-0213-1. Harsha, Peter (2014). About that WashPost Column on the value of a CS degree… Computing research policy blog. Retrieved from http://cra.org/govaffairs/blog/2014/09/03/. Institute of Education Sciences (2016). National center for education statistics. Digest of education statistics, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2018, from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/ Komatsu, H., & Rappleye, J. (2017). A new global policy regime founded on invalid statistics? Hanushek, Woessmann, PISA, and economic growth. Comp Educ, 53(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2017.1300008. Kuehn, D., & Salzman, H., (2018) The engineering labor market: an overview of recent trends In R. Freeman, & H. Salzman (Eds.), U.S. engineering in a global economy (2018). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Landivar, L. C. (2013). Relationship between science and engineering education and employment in STEM occupations: American community survey reports, ACS-23. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. Lazonick, W., Moss, P., Salzman, H., & Tulum, O. (2014). Skill development and sustainable prosperity: cumulative and collective careers versus skill-biased technical change Retrieved from: https://www.ineteconomics.org/research/research-papers/skill-development-and-sustainable-prosperity-cumulative-and-collective-careers-versus-skill-biased-technical-change Lowell, B. L., & Salzman, H. (2007). Into the eye of the storm: Assessing the evidence on science and engineering education, quality, and workforce demand. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3X068P1. Lynn, L., & Salzman, H. (2006). Collaborative advantage. Issues in Science and Technology, 22(2), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3XP76K4. Lynn, L., & Salzman, H. (2007). The real global technology challenge. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 39(4), 11–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.7282/T3JD4ZGK. Lynn, L., & Salzman, H. (2010). The globalization of technology development: implications for U.S. skills policy. In D. Finegold, M. Gatta, H. Salzman, & S. J. Schurman (Eds.), Transforming the U.S. workforce development system: lessons from research and practice (pp. 57–85). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Lynn, L., & Salzman, H. (2011). Is the president right when he says the United States needs 10,000 engineers a year? Why not let the market decide? Manufacturing & Technology News, 18(17). https://doi.org/10.7282/T38W3FZM. Lynn, L., Salzman, H., & Kuehn, D. (2018). Dynamics of engineering labor markets: petroleum engineering demand and responsive supply. In R. Freeman, & H. Salzman (Eds.), U.S. engineering in a global economy (2018). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Musu-Gillette, L., de Brey, C., McFarland, J., Hussar, W., Sonnenberg, W., & Wilkinson-Flicker, S. (2017). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2017;2017 ASI 4828-109;NCES 2017-051. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Naidu, S., Posner, E. A., & Weyl, E. G. (2018). Antitrust remedies for labor market power. Unpublished paper. OECD. (2004). Learning for tomorrow’s world first results from PISA 2003. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD. (2011). Germany: once weak international standing prompts strong nationwide reforms for rapid improvement. Lessons from PISA for the United States (pp. 201–220). Paris: OECD Publishing. Ramirez, F. O., Luo, X., Schofer, E., & Meyer, J. W. (2006). Student achievement and national economic growth. Am J Educ, 113(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1086/506492. Ravitch, D. (1983). The troubled crusade: American education, 1945-1980. New York: Basic Books. Ravitch, D. (2014). Reign of error: the hoax of the privatization movement. New York, NY: Knopf. Reardon, S., Kalogrides, K., & Shores, K. (2017). The geography of racial/ethnic test score gaps. Stanford, CA: Center for Education Policy Analysis, Stanford University. Rothstein, J. (2017). Inequality of educational opportunity? Schools as mediators of the intergenerational transmission of income. Washington, D.C.: The Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Rothstein, R. (1998). The way we were? The myths and realities of America’s student achievement New York: Century Foundation Press. Rothstein, R. (2015). The racial achievement gap, segregated schools, and segregated neighborhoods: a constitutional insult. Race and Social Problems, 7(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-014-9134-1. Salzman, H. (2013). What shortages? The real evidence about the STEM Workforce Issues in Science and Technology, (Summer 2013), 58–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.7282/T3JS9S2T Salzman, H. (2015). Impact of guestworkers on the high technology workforce. Hearing on “Immigration Reforms Needed to Protect Skilled American Workers,” submitted to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, March 17, 2015. doi:https://doi.org/10.7282/T3ZK5JC3. Salzman, H. (2016). The impact of high-skill guestworker programs and the STEM workforce Statement for the hearing on “The Impact of High-Skilled Immigration on U.S. Workers”, submitted to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 25 February 2016. Salzman, H., & Douglas, D. (2018). Classification counts: Assessing postsecondary mathematics course taking. Working paper, Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers University. Salzman, H., Kuehn, D., & Lowell, L. (2013). Guestworkers in the high-skill U.S. labor market: An analysis of supply, employment and wage trends in the IT labor market. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, Briefing Paper #359. Salzman, H., & Lowell, B. L. (2008). Making the grade. Nature, 453(1 May 2008), 28–30. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3Q241WW. Smith, Brad (2013) “Written testimony of Brad Smith” statement submitted to the senate judiciary committee hearings on the border security, economic opportunity, and immigration modernization act of 2013, April 22, 2013. Retrieved from: https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/04-22-13BradSmithTestimony.pdf Stephan, P. E. (2012). How economics shapes science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Teitelbaum, M. S. (2014). Falling behind? Boom, bust, and the global race for scientific talent. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Tucker, M. S. (2011). Standing on the shoulders of giants. Washington, D.C.: National Center on Education and the Economy. U.S. Department of Education (2015). Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2009 and 2015 Science Assessments. Retrieved from: https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/science_2015/#scores?grade=4 Vanneman, A., Hamilton, L., Baldwin Anderson, J., & Rahman, T. (2009). Achievement gaps: how black and white students in public schools perform in mathematics and reading on the national assessment of educational progress: national assessment of educational progress, 2007; 2009 ASI 4896-29.9;NCES 2009–455. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. Weinberger, C. (2018). Engineering educational opportunity: Impacts of 1970s and 1980s policies to increase the share of black college graduates with majors in engineering or computer science. In R. Freeman & H. Salzman (Eds.), U.S. engineering in a global economy (2018). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Zhao, Y. (2009). Catching up or leading the way: American education in the age of globalization. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.