SMAP, RS-DTVGM, and in-situ monitoring: Which performs best in presenting the soil moisture in the middle-high latitude frozen area in the Sanjiang Plain, China?

Arya, 1981, A physicoempirical model to predict the soil moisture characteristic from particle-size distribution and bulk density data, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 45, 1023, 10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500060004x Aston, 1979, Rainfall interception by eight small trees, J. Hydrol., 42, 383, 10.1016/0022-1694(79)90057-X Bartsch, 2007, Temporal and spatial variability of the beginning and end of daily spring freeze/thaw cycles derived from scatterometer data, Remote Sens. Environ., 106, 360, 10.1016/j.rse.2006.09.004 Bogena, 2010, Potential of wireless sensor networks for measuring soil water content variability, Vadose Zone J., 9, 1002, 10.2136/vzj2009.0173 Bronstert, 1999, The role of spatial variability of soil moisture for modelling surface runoff generation at the small catchment scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 3, 505, 10.5194/hess-3-505-1999 Cai, 2017, Insight into runoff characteristics using hydrological modeling in the data-scarce southern Tibetan Plateau: Past, present, and future, PLoS ONE, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0176813 Chen, 2013, Combined impacts of freeze–thaw processes on paddy land and dry land in Northeast China, Sci. Total Environ., 456, 24, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.059 Cui, 2017, Evaluation and analysis of AMSR-2, SMOS, and SMAP soil moisture products in the Genhe area of China, J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph., 122, 8650, 10.1002/2017JD026800 Easton, 2008, Re-conceptualizing the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model to predict runoff from variable source areas, J. Hydrol., 348, 279, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.008 Edwards, 1992, Freezing and its effect on chemical and biological properties of soil, Adv. Soil Sci., 18, 59, 10.1007/978-1-4612-2844-8_2 Entekhabi, 2004, The hydrosphere state (Hydros) satellite mission: An earth system pathfinder for global mapping of soil moisture and land freeze/thaw, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 42, 2184, 10.1109/TGRS.2004.834631 Entekhabi, 2010, The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission, Proc. IEEE, 98, 704, 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043918 Entekhabi, D., Yueh, S., O’Neill, P. E., Kellogg, K. H., Allen, A., Bindlish, R. Das, N., 2014. SMAP Handbook–Soil Moisture Active Passive: Mapping Soil Moisture and Freeze/Thaw From Space. Fan, 2017, Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth, Proceed. Natl. Acad. Sci., 10.1073/pnas.1712381114 Fisher, 2006, Green leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: scaling from the field to the satellite, Remote Sens. Environ., 100, 265, 10.1016/j.rse.2005.10.022 Flerchinger, 1989, Modeling soil freezing and thawing on a rangeland watershed, Trans. ASAE, 32, 1551, 10.13031/2013.31188 Fox, 1992, Incorporating freeze-thaw calculations into a water balance model, Water Resour. Res., 28, 2229, 10.1029/92WR00983 Frauenfeld, 2004, Interdecadal changes in seasonal freeze and thaw depths in Russia, J. Geophys. Res.: Atmosph., 109, 10.1029/2003JD004245 Ghazavi, 2013, Freeze–thaw performance of clayey soil reinforced with geotextile layer, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 89, 22, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.01.002 Green, 2004, Measurement, scaling, and topographic analyses of spatial crop yield and soil water content, Hydrol. Process., 18, 1447, 10.1002/hyp.1422 Hallikainen, 1985, Microwave dielectric behavior of wet soil-part 1: Empirical models and experimental observations, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 1, 25, 10.1109/TGRS.1985.289497 Hansson, 2004, Water flow and heat transport in frozen soil, Vadose Zone J., 3, 693, 10.2136/vzj2004.0693 Hinzman, 1998, A distributed thermal model for calculating soil temperature profiles and depth of thaw in permafrost regions, J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph., 103, 28975, 10.1029/98JD01731 Hock, 2005, Glacier melt: a review of processes and their modelling, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 29, 362, 10.1191/0309133305pp453ra Houser, 1998, Integration of soil moisture remote sensing and hydrologic modeling using data assimilation, Water Resour. Res., 34, 3405, 10.1029/1998WR900001 Jackson, 1993, III. Measuring surface soil moisture using passive microwave remote sensing, Hydrol. Process., 7, 139, 10.1002/hyp.3360070205 Joshi, 2011, Spatiotemporal analyses of soil moisture from point to footprint scale in two different hydroclimatic regions, Water Resour. Res., 47, 10.1029/2009WR009002 Kerr, 2012, The SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1384, 10.1109/TGRS.2012.2184548 Kerr, 2010, The SMOS mission: new tool for monitoring key elements ofthe global water cycle, Proc. IEEE, 98, 666, 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2043032 Kim, 2011, Developing a global data record of daily landscape freeze/thaw status using satellite passive microwave remote sensing, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 49, 949, 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2070515 Kolassa, 2017, Merging active and passive microwave observations in soil moisture data assimilation, Remote Sens. Environ., 191, 117, 10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.015 Koster, 2004, Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation, Science, 305, 1138, 10.1126/science.1100217 Kou, 2017, Detection of land surface freeze-thaw status on the Tibetan Plateau using passive microwave and thermal infrared remote sensing data, Remote Sens. Environ., 199, 291, 10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.035 Kumar, 2013, Toward computationally efficient large-scale hydrologic predictions with a multiscale regionalization scheme, Water Resource Res., 49, 5700, 10.1002/wrcr.20431 Kurylyk, 2013, The mathematical representation of freezing and thawing processes in variably-saturated, non-deformable soils, Adv. Water Resour., 60, 160, 10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.07.016 Kværnø, 2006, The influence of freeze–thaw cycles and soil moisture on aggregate stability of three soils in Norway, Catena, 67, 175, 10.1016/j.catena.2006.03.011 Li, 2000, The coupled heat-moisture-mechanic model of the frozen soil, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 31, 199, 10.1016/S0165-232X(00)00013-6 Li, 2012, Simulation of freezing and thawing soils in inner Mongolia Hetao Irrigation District, China, Geoderma, 173, 28, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.009 Li, 2011, Quantitative simulation on soil moisture contents of two typical vegetation communities in Sanjiang Plain, China, Chin. Geograph. Sci., 21, 723, 10.1007/s11769-011-0507-8 Li, 2003, Frozen soil parameterization in SiB2 and its validation with GAME-Tibet observations, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 36, 165, 10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00009-0 Liu, 2009, Development of ecohydrological assessment tool and its application, Sci. China Ser. E: Technol. Sci., 52, 1947, 10.1007/s11431-009-0199-9 Liu, 2017, Performance of SMAP, AMSR-E and LAI for weekly agricultural drought forecasting over continental United States, J. Hydrol., 553, 88, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.07.049 Luo, 2003, Effects of frozen soil on soil temperature, spring infiltration, and runoff: results from the PILPS 2 (d) experiment at Valdai, Russia, J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 334, 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<334:EOFSOS>2.0.CO;2 Martini, 2015, Spatial and temporal dynamics of hillslope-scale soil moisture patterns: characteristic states and transition mechanisms, Vadose Zone J., 14, 10.2136/vzj2014.10.0150 Moran, 2002, Comparison of ERS-2 SAR and Landsat TM imagery for monitoring agricultural crop and soil conditions, Remote Sens. Environ., 79, 243, 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00276-0 Nijland, 2016, Imaging phenology; scaling from camera plots to landscapes, Remote Sens. Environ., 177, 13, 10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.018 Njoku, 2003, Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 215, 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808243 O'Neill, P., Chan, S., Colliander, A., Dunbar, S., Njoku, E., Bindlish, R., .Yueh, S., 2016, July. Evaluation of the validated Soil Moisture product from the SMAP radiometer. In: Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2016 IEEE International. IEEE. pp. 125–128. Ouyang, 2013, Effect of long-term agricultural cultivation and land use conversion on soil nutrient contents in the Sanjiang Plain, Catena, 104, 243, 10.1016/j.catena.2012.12.002 Pellet, 2017, Monitoring soil moisture from middle to high elevation in Switzerland: set-up and first results from the SOMOMOUNT network, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3199, 10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017 Ran, 2017, Strengths and weaknesses of temporal stability analysis for monitoring and estimating grid-mean soil moisture in a high-intensity irrigated agricultural landscape, Water Resour. Res., 53, 283, 10.1002/2015WR018182 Rautiainen, 2012, L-band radiometer observations of soil processes in boreal and subarctic environments, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 1483, 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2167755 Rerchinger, 1991, Sensitivity of soil freezing simulated by the SHAW model, Trans. ASAE, 34, 2381, 10.13031/2013.31883 Sadeghi, 2017, The optical trapezoid model: A novel approach to remote sensing of soil moisture applied to Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 198, 52, 10.1016/j.rse.2017.05.041 Samaniego, 2010, Multiscale parameter regionalization of a grid-based hydrologic model at the mesoscale, Water Resource Res., 46, W05523, 10.1029/2008WR007327 Schneider, 2008, Temporal stability of soil moisture in various semi-arid steppe ecosystems and its application in remote sensing, J. Hydrol., 359, 16, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.016 Singh, 1999, Hydrological modelling of a small watershed using MIKE SHE for irrigation planning, Agric. Water Manage., 41, 149, 10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00022-0 Sinha, 2008, Time series analysis of soil freeze and thaw processes in Indiana, J. Hydrometeorol., 9, 936, 10.1175/2008JHM934.1 Sitch, 2003, Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 161, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x Steelman, 2012, Assessing vertical soil moisture dynamics using multi-frequency GPR common-midpoint soundings, J. Hydrol., 436, 51, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.02.041 Stisen, 2008, A remote sensing driven distributed hydrological model of the Senegal River basin, J. Hydrol., 354, 131, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.006 Tang, 2010, An application of the T s–VI triangle method with enhanced edges determination for evapotranspiration estimation from MODIS data in arid and semi-arid regions: Implementation and validation, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 540, 10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.012 Taylor, 2012, Afternoon rain more likely over drier soils, Nature, 489, 423, 10.1038/nature11377 Troch, 1993, Effective water table depth to describe initial conditions prior to storm rainfall in humid regions, Water Resour. Res., 29, 427, 10.1029/92WR02087 Ulaby, 1982 Vázquez, 2003, Effect of potential evapotranspiration estimates on effective parameters and performance of the MIKE SHE-code applied to a medium-size catchment, J. Hydrol., 270, 309, 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00308-6 Viterbo, 1999, The representation of soil moisture freezing and its impact on the stable boundary layer, Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc., 125, 2401, 10.1002/qj.49712555904 Wagai, 1998, Land use and environmental factors influencing soil surface CO 2 flux and microbial biomass in natural and managed ecosystems in southern Wisconsin, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30, 1501, 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00041-8 Wagner, 2007, Operational readiness of microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for hydrologic applications, Hydrol. Res., 38, 1, 10.2166/nh.2007.029 Wagner, 1999, A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS scatterometer and soil data, Remote Sens. Environ., 70, 191, 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00036-X Wagner, 2003, Evaluation of the agreement between the first global remotely sensed soil moisture data with model and precipitation data, J. Geophys. Res.: Atmosph., 108, 10.1029/2003JD003663 Wang, 2007, Phosphorus sorption by freeze–thaw treated wetland soils derived from a winter-cold zone (Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China), Geoderma, 138, 153, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.11.006 Wang, 2017, Evaluating climate and soil effects on regional soil moisture spatial variability using EOFs, Water Resour. Res., 53, 4022, 10.1002/2017WR020642 Wang, 2017, Probabilistic model predicts dynamics of vegetation biomass in a desert ecosystem in NW China, Proceed. Natl. Acad. Sci. Williams, 1989 Xia, 2003, A research on Distributed Time Variant Gain Modeling, Acta Geograph. Sin., 58, 789 Yoshikawa, 2003, Shrinking thermokarst ponds and groundwater dynamics in discontinuous permafrost near Council, Alaska, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 14, 151, 10.1002/ppp.451 Zhang, 2007, Variation of soil temperature and soil moisture on black soil profile in seasonal frozen area of northeast China, Geograph. Res., 26, 314 Zhang, 2010, Changes of soil labile organic carbon in different land uses in Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province, Chin. Geograph. Sci., 20, 139, 10.1007/s11769-010-0139-4 Zhang, 2007, Tillage effects on soil carbon fractions in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, Soil Till. Res., 93, 102, 10.1016/j.still.2006.03.014