SECM Study of Effect of Chromium Content on the Localized Corrosion Behavior of Low-Alloy Steels in Chloride Environment
Tóm tắt
This paper investigates the effect of chromium (Cr) content (0, 1, 3 and 5% Cr) in epoxy-coated alloy steel against corrosion using in situ electrochemical techniques such as EIS and SECM in a 3% NaCl solution. The EIS results revealed that the epoxy-coated Cr steel exhibited higher impedance values than carbon steel, which is attributed to the greater resistance of Cr steel toward corrosion. Based on the cyclic voltammogram results, the tip potentials were set at −0.7, 0.04 and 0.60 V for determining the concentration of dissolved oxygen at cathodic region, and oxidation of Cr2+ and Fe2+ at anodic region, respectively. The SECM measurements showed that, the tip current in the anodic region has decreased with increase in Cr content of the sample, which indicates that the oxidation of Fe2+ and Cr2+ decreases (corrosion is reduced) with the increase in Cr content of the steel. Besides, 5% Cr steel can maintain the highest corrosion resistance, and 1 and 3% Cr steels have higher corrosion resistance than the 0% Cr steel. This higher corrosion resistance of Cr steel samples could be due to the formation of Cr-rich hydro-oxide layers [Cr(OH)3 as a corrosion product] on the surface of the samples. Thus, the epoxy-coated Cr alloy steel has greater corrosion resistance in a chloride-containing environment than the carbon steel. Hence, epoxy-coated Cr alloy steel can be successfully used as a construction material in structures.
Tài liệu tham khảo
N. Mohamed, M. Boulfiza, and R. Evitts, Corrosion of carbon steel and corrosion-resistant rebars in concrete structures under chloride ion attack, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22, p 787–795
S.A. Park, S.H. Lee, and J.G. Kim, Effect of chromium on the corrosion behavior of low alloy steel in sulfuric acid, Met. Mater. Int., 2012, 18, p 975–987
S.A. Park, W.S. Ji, and J.G. Kim, Effect of chromium on the corrosion behavior of low alloy steel containing copper in FGD environment, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2013, 8, p 7498–7509
R.G. Duarte, A.S. Castela, R. Neves, L. Freire, and M.F. Montemor, Corrosion behavior of stainless steel rebars embedded in concrete: an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 24, p 218–224
R.M. Souto, Y.G. Garcia, and S. Gonzalez, In-situ monitoring of electroactive species by using the scanning electrochemical microscope. Application to the investigation of degradation processes at defective coated metals, Corros. Sci., 2005, 47, p 3312–3323
R.M. Souto, Y.G. Garcia, S. Gonzalez, and G.T. Burstein, Imaging the origins of organic coating degradation and blistering caused by electrolyte immersion assisted by SECM, Electroanalysis, 2009, 21, p 2569–2574
Y. Shao, C. Jia, G. Meng, T. Zhang, and F. Wang, The role of a zinc phosphate pigment in the corrosion of scratched epoxy-coated steel, Corros. Sci., 2009, 51, p 371–379
L. Ejanstam, M. Tuominen, J. Haapanen, J.M. Makela, J. Pan, A. Swerin, and P.M. Claesson, Long-term corrosion protection by a thin nano-composite coating, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2015, 357, p 2333–2342
R.M. Souto, Y.G. Garcia, J. Izquierdo, and S. Gonzalez, Examination of organic coatings on metallic substrates by scanning electrochemical microscopy in feedback mode: Revealing the early stages of coating breakdown in corrosive environments, Corros. Sci., 2010, 52, p 748–753
B.K. Panigrahi, S. Srikanth, and G. Sahoo, Effect of alloying element on the tensile properties, microstructure, and corrosion resistance of reinforcing bar steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2009, 18, p 1102–1108
Q. Wu, Z. Zhang, X. Dong, and J. Yang, Corrosion behavior of low-alloy steel containing 1% chromium in CO2 environment, Corros. Sci., 2013, 75, p 400–408
P.K. Samantaroy, G. Suresh, N.K. Krishna, and U.K. Mudali, Corrosion behavior of alloy 600 in simulated nuclear high level waste medium, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22, p 1041–1053
S. Guo, L. Xu, L. Zhang, W. Chang, and M. Lu, Corrosion of alloy steel containing 2% chromium in CO2 environments, Corros. Sci., 2012, 63, p 246–258
P.K. Samantaroy, G. Suresh, and U.K. Mudali, Effect of heat treatment on pitting corrosion resistance of nickel based super alloys in acidic chloride medium, Int. J. Mater. Sci., 2013, 3, p 170–178
Y.H. Qian, D. Niu, J.J. Xu, and M.S. Li, The influence of chromium content on the electrochemical behavior of weathering steels, Corros. Sci., 2013, 71, p 72–77
B.B. Katemann, A. Schulte, E.J. Calvo, M.K. Hep, and W. Schuhmann, Localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with high lateral resolution by means of alternating current scanning electrochemical microscopy, Electrochem. Commun., 2002, 4, p 134–138
C. Gabrielli, S. Joiret, M. Keddam, N. Portail, P. Rousseau, and V. Vivier, Single pit on iron generated by SECM An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigation, Electrochim. Acta, 2008, 53, p 7539–7548
J. Izquierdo, B.M.F. Perez, L.M. Ruiz, V. Mena, R.R. Raposo, J.J. Santana, and R.M. Souto, Evaluation of the corrosion protection of steel by anodic processing in metasilicate solution using the scanning vibrating electrode technique, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 178, p 1–10
X. Joseph Raj and T. Nishimura, Corrosion protection performance of epoxy coated high tensile strength steel measured by scanning electrochemical microscope and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, ISIJ Int., 2014, 54, p 693–699
A.M. Simoes, A.C. Bastos, M.G. Ferreira, Y.G. Garcia, S. Gonzalez, and R.M. Souto, Use of SVET and SECM to study the galvanic corrosion of an iron–zinc cell, Corros. Sci., 2007, 49, p 726–739
S.G. Acharyya, A. Khandelwal, V. Kain, A. Kumar, and I. Samajdar, Surface working of 304L stainless steel: Impact on microstructure, electrochemical behavior and SCC resistance, Mater. Charact., 2012, 72, p 68–76
A. Madhankumar, N. Rajendran, and T. Nishimura, Influence of Si nanoparticles on the electrochemical behavior of organic coatings on carbon steel in chloride environment, J. Coat. Technol. Res., 2012, 9, p 609–620
S. Rhode, V. Kain, V.S. Raja, and G.J. Abraham, Factors affecting corrosion behavior of inclusion containing stainless steels: A scanning electrochemical microscopic study, Mater. Charact., 2013, 77, p 109–115
A.C. Bastos, A.M. Simoes, S. Gonzalez, Y.G. Garcia, and R.M. Souto, Imaging concentration profiles of redox-active species in open-circuit corrosion processes with the scanning electrochemical microscope, Electrochem. Commun., 2004, 6, p 1212–1215
R.M. Souto, Y.G. Garcia, D. Battistel, and S. Daniele, On the use of mercury coated tip in scanning electrochemical microscopy to investigate galvanic corrosion processes involving zinc and iron, Corros. Sci., 2012, 55, p 401–406
Y. Yin, L. Niu, M. Lu, W. Guo, and S. Chen, In-situ characterization of localized corrosion of stainless steel by scanning electrochemical microscopy, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2009, 255, p 9193–9199
J.J. Santana, J.G. Guzman, L.F. Merida, S. Gonzalez, and R.M. Souto, Visualization of the local degradation processes in coated metals by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy in the redox competition mode, Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55, p 4488–4494
X. Joseph and T. Nishimura, Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the investigation of galvanic corrosion of iron with zinc in 0.1 M NaCl solution, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 474–486
P. Sun, F.O. Laforge, and M.V. Mirkin, Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2007, 9, p 802–823
J. Izquierdo, L.M. Ruiz, B.M.F. Perez, L.F. Merida, J.J. Santana, and R.M. Souto, Imaging local surface reactivity on stainless steels 304 and 316 in Acid chloride solution using scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning vibrating electrode technique, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 134, p 167–175
Y.G. Garcia, J.J. Santana, J.G. Guzman, J. Izquierdo, and S. Gonzalez, R.M., Souto, Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the investigation of localized degradation processes in coated metals, Prog. Org. Coat., 2010, 69, p 110–117
R.M. Souto, Y.G. Garcia, and S. Gonzalez, Characterization of coating systems by scanning electrochemical microscopy: Surface topology and blistering, Prog. Org. Coat., 2009, 65, p 435–439
A. Pilbath, T. Szabo, J. Telegdi, and L. Nyikos, SECM study of steel corrosion under scratched microencapsulated epoxy resin, Prog. Org. Coat., 2012, 75, p 480–485
X.Z. Zhang, R. Liu, K.Y. Chen, M.X. Yao, and R. Collier, Electrochemical study of corrosion behavior of wrought stellite alloys in sodium chloride and green death solutions, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24, p 3579–3587
A. Madhankumar, S. Nagarajan, N. Rajendran, and T. Nishimura, EIS evaluation of protection performance of surface characterization of epoxy coating with aluminum nanoparticles after wet and dry corrosion test, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2011, doi:10.1007/s10008-011-1623-1
A.C. Bastos, A.M. Simoes, S. Gonzalez, Y. Gonzalez-Garciıa, and R.M. Souto, Application of the scanning electrochemical microscope to the examination of organic coatings on metallic substrates, Prog. Org. Coat., 2005, 53, p 177–182
J. Izquierdo, L. Martin-Ruiz, B.M. Fernandez-Perez, R. Rodríguez-Raposo, J.J. Santana, and R.M. Souto, Scanning microelectrochemical characterization of the effect of polarization on the localized corrosion of 304 stainless steel in chloride solution, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2014, 728, p 148–157
R.M. Souto, J.J. Santana, L. Fernandez-Merida, and S. Gonzalez, Sensing electrochemical activity in polymer coated metals during the early stages of coating degradation–Effect of the polarization of the substrate, Electrochim. Acta, 2011, 56, p 9596–9601
B.M. Fernandez-Perez, J. Izquierdo, S. Gonzalez, and R.M. Souto, Scanning electrochemical microscopy studies for the characterization of localized corrosion reactions at cut edges of coil-coated steel, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2014, 18, p 2983–2992
N. Wint, A.C.A. de Vooys, and H.N. Mcmurray, The corrosion of chromium based coatings for packing steel, Electrochim. Acta, 2016, doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.100
T. Balusamy and T. Nishimura, In-situ monitoring of local corrosion process of scratched epoxy coated carbon steel in simulated pore solution containing varying percentage of chloride ions by localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 199, p 305–313
R.S.S. Guzman, J.R. Vilche, and A.J. Arvia, The potentiodynamic behavior of iron in alkaline solutions, Electrochim. Acta, 1979, 24, p 395–403
E. Volpi, A. Olietti, M. Stefanoni, and S.P. Trasatti, Electrochemical characterization of mild steel in alkaline solutions simulating concrete environment, J. Electroanal. Chem., 2015, 736, p 38–46
Q. Zhang, J. Wu, W. Zheng, J. Wang, J. Chen, X. Yang, and A. Li, Characterization of rust layer formed on low alloy steel exposed in marine atmosphere, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2002, 18, p 455–458
A. Kojijan, C. Donik, and M. Jenko, The corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel in chloride solution studied by XPS, Mater. Technol., 2009, 43, p 195–199
T.E. Graedel and R.P. Frankenthal, Corrosion mechanism for iron and low alloy steels exposed to the atmosphere, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1990, 137, p 2386–2394
H. Takabe, M. Veda, and S. Fujimoto, Corrosion behavior under black deposit on low Cr bearing steels in NaCl completion fluids, ISIJ Int., 2008, 48, p 1758–1765
S.A. Park, D.P. Le, and J.G. Kim, Alloying effect of chromium on the corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels, Mater. Trans., 2013, 54, p 1770–1778
P. Marcus, Surface science approach of corrosion phenomena, Electrochim. Acta, 1998, 43, p 109–118