Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Literature

Ferlay, 2010, Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008, Int J Cancer, 127, 2893, 10.1002/ijc.25516 Fattovich, 2004, Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors, Gastroenterology, 127, S35, 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.014 Tanaka, 2001, Treatment of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Int J Clin Oncol, 6, 291, 10.1007/s10147-001-8030-z Lai, 2006, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review, Arch Surg, 141, 191, 10.1001/archsurg.141.2.191 Miyamoto, 1991, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 172 Japanese cases, Am J Gastroenterol, 86, 67 Bassi, 2010, Management of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: implications of therapy, World J Gastroenterol, 16, 1221, 10.3748/wjg.v16.i10.1221 Chearanai, 1983, Spontaneous rupture of primary hepatoma: report of 63 cases with particular reference to the pathogenesis and rationale of treatment by hepatic artery ligation, Cancer, 51, 1532, 10.1002/1097-0142(19830415)51:8<1532::AID-CNCR2820510829>3.0.CO;2-3 Hirai, 1986, Transcatheter arterial embolization for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Am J Gastroenterol, 81, 275 Yoshida, 2016, Spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatol Res, 46, 13, 10.1111/hepr.12498 Kung, 2008, Transcatheter arterial embolization in the emergency department for hemodynamic instability due to ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of 167 cases, Am J Roentgenol, 191, W231, 10.2214/AJR.07.3983 Jin, 2013, Survival outcome of patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma treated surgically or by transarterial embolization, World J Gastroenterol, 19, 4537, 10.3748/wjg.v19.i28.4537 Yamagata, 1995, Surgical results of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatogastroenterology, 42, 461 Clarkston, 1988, Acute hemoperitoneum from rupture of a hepatocellular carcinoma, J Clin Gastroenterol, 10, 221, 10.1097/00004836-198804000-00025 Vergara, 2000, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocelluar carcinoma: surgical resection and long-term survival, Eur J Surg Oncol, 26, 770, 10.1053/ejso.2000.1001 Zhu, 2012, Predictors and clinical outcomes for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, World J Gastroenterol, 18, 7302, 10.3748/wjg.v18.i48.7302 Kew, 1985, Unusual clinical presentations of hepatocellular carcinoma, Trop Gastroenterol, 6, 10 Ong, 1972, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Br Med J, 4, 146, 10.1136/bmj.4.5833.146 Liu, 2001, Management of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: single centre experience, J Clin Oncol, 19, 3725, 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.17.3725 Marini, 2002, Management of spontaneous rupture of liver tumours, Dig Surg, 19, 109, 10.1159/000052022 Chen, 1995, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of 141 Taiwanese cases and comparison with non-rupture cases, J Clin Gastroenterol, 21, 238, 10.1097/00004836-199510000-00015 Ikai, 2007, Report of the 17th nationwide follow-up survey of primary liver cancer in Japan, Hepatol Res, 37, 676, 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00119.x Islam, 2013, Non-bleeding spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Niger J Surg, 19, 82 Rathod, 2000, Active contrast extravasation in spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a rare CT finding, J Postgrad Med, 46, 35 Somu, 2015, Angio-embolization in HCC rupture—a tertiary care experience, J Clin Exp Hepatol, 5, S57 Ngan, 1998, The role of hepatic arterial embolization in the treatment of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin Radiol, 53, 338, 10.1016/S0009-9260(98)80004-4 Rathor, 2014, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, J Clin Exp Hepatol, 4, 188, 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.06.003 Li, 2014, Risk factors and surgical outcomes for spontaneous rupture of BCLC stages A and B hepatocellular carcinoma: a case–control study, World J Gastroenterol, 20, 9121 Zhu, 2003, Relationship between vascular elasticity and spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Chin-German J Clin Oncol, 2, 18, 10.1007/BF02835362 Zhu, 2001, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma and vascular injury, Arch Surg, 136, 682, 10.1001/archsurg.136.6.682 Zhu, 2002, Ultra-structural study of the vascular endothelium of patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Asian J Surg, 25, 157, 10.1016/S1015-9584(09)60166-4 Ong, 1965, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Br J Surg, 52, 123, 10.1002/bjs.1800520210 Zhu, 1996, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Br J Surg, 83, 602, 10.1002/bjs.1800830507 Liu, 1998, Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma as a complication of transarterial oily chemoembolization, Br J Surg, 85, 512, 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00664.x Battula, 2007, Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma following chemoembolization: a western experience, Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 6, 49 Chung, 1996, Hepatic tumors: predisposing factors for complications of transcatheter oily chemoembolization, Radiology, 198, 33, 10.1148/radiology.198.1.8539401 Sakamoto, 1998, Complications associated with transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic tumours, Radiographics, 18, 605, 10.1148/radiographics.18.3.9599386 Kang, 2012, Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: a case report, J Korean Soc Radiol, 67, 109, 10.3348/jksr.2012.67.2.109 Jia, 2013, Ruptured hepatic carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, Curr Therap Res, 74, 41, 10.1016/j.curtheres.2012.12.006 Sun, 2010, Emergency embolization in the treatment of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, Hepatogastroenterology, 57, 616 Rombolà, 2011, Sorafenib, risk of bleeding and spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a clinical case, Acta Med, 54, 177 Aoki, 2013, Prognostic impact of spontaneous tumor rupture in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma an analysis of 1160 cases from a nationwide survey, Ann Surg, 1 Wen, 2016, Impact of spontaneous tumor rupture on prognosis of patients with T4 hepatocellular carcinoma, J Surg Oncol, 113, 789, 10.1002/jso.24245 Hsueh, 2012, Management of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma and hemoperitoneum manifested as acute abdomen in the emergency room, World J Surg, 36, 2670, 10.1007/s00268-012-1734-6 Liu, 2005, One-stage liver resection for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, World J Surg, 29, 1316, 10.1007/s00268-005-7626-2 Han, 2015, Prognostic factors of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, World J Gastroenterol, 21, 7488, 10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7488 Zhang, 2007, Spontaneous rupture of primary hepatocellular carcinoma: experience of emergency laparotomy over a 16-year period, Chin J Clin Oncol, 4, 322, 10.1007/s11805-007-0322-2 Shin, 2011, Outcome and prognostic factors of spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial embolization, Acta Radiol, 52, 331, 10.1258/ar.2010.100369 Zhong, 2016, Treatment outcomes of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma with hemorrhagic shock: a multicenter study, Springer Plus, 5, 1101, 10.1186/s40064-016-2762-8 Kew, 1991, Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of blunt abdominal trauma, Am J Gastroenterol, 86, 1083 Dewar, 1991, Management of bleeding liver tumours in Hong Kong, Br J Surg, 78, 463, 10.1002/bjs.1800780424 Xu, 1994, Conservative management of spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Am Surg, 60, 629 Muhammad, 1991, Spontaneous rupture of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Zaria, Nigeria, J R Coll Surg Edinb, 36, 117 Lau, 2002, Management of hepatocellular carcinoma, J R Coll Surg Edinb, 47, 389 Fuminori, 2012, Hemothorax caused by spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature, World J Surg Oncol, 10, 215, 10.1186/1477-7819-10-215 Corr, 1993, The role of hepatic arterial embolization in the management of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin Radiol, 48, 163, 10.1016/S0009-9260(05)80129-1 Castells, 2001, Hemoperitoneum as a first manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with liver cirrhosis: effectiveness of emergency treatment with transcatheter arterial embolization, Dig Dis Sci, 46, 555, 10.1023/A:1005699132142 Kanematsu, 1992, Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: predictive value of CT findings, Am J Roentgenol, 158, 1247, 10.2214/ajr.158.6.1317090 Kim, 2008, The various manifestations of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: CT imaging findings, Abdom Imaging, 33, 633, 10.1007/s00261-007-9353-7 Tsitouridis, 2007, Early stage of intraperitoneal rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: CT and MRI evaluation, Ann Gastroenterol, 20, 282 Kim, 2006, Computed tomography and angiographic interventional features of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: pictorial essay, Can Assoc Radiol J, 57, 159 Choi, 2001, The findings of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma on helical CT, Br J Radiol, 74, 142, 10.1259/bjr.74.878.740142 Singhal, 2016, Enucleation sign: a computed tomographic appearance of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, J Clin Exp Hepatol, 6, 335, 10.1016/j.jceh.2016.05.004 Mayuree, 2007, Findings of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma on computed tomography in Thailand, Asian Biomed, 1, 289 Yun, 2014, Hepatic angiographic findings of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: “sentinel signs” versus extravasation, J Korean Soc Radiol, 70, 335, 10.3348/jksr.2014.70.5.335 Matsumoto, 2007, Clinical efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the diagnosis of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, J Med Ultrason, 34, 101, 10.1007/s10396-007-0136-0 Sugihara, 2017, Two patterns of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with Sonazoid in spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of four cases, J Med Ultrason Shiozawa, 2013, Usefulness of contrast enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Clin J Gastroenterol, 6, 334, 10.1007/s12328-013-0398-6 Landmark, 2008, Pharmacokinetics of perfluorobutane following intravenous bolus injection and continuous infusion of sonazoid in healthy volunteers and in patients with reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity, Ultrasound Med Biol, 34, 494, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.09.019 Wang, 2008, Management of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, ANZ J Surg, 78, 501, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2008.04543.x Lau, 2003, Emergency embolization of spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between survival and Child–Pugh classification, Australas Radiol, 47, 231, 10.1046/j.1440-1673.2003.01168.x Okazaki, 1991, Intraperitoneal hemorrhage from hepatocellular carcinoma: emergency chemoembolization or embolization, Radiology, 180, 647, 10.1148/radiology.180.3.1651524 Leung, 2002, A retrospective review of transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, J R Coll Surg Edinb, 47, 685 Kumar, 2014, The Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL) consensus on prevention, diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma in India: the Puri recommendations, J Clin Exp Hepatol, 4, S3, 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.04.003 Nakanishi, 1986, Clinical evaluation of palliative therapy for unresectable primary liver cancer, Cancer, 58, 329, 10.1002/1097-0142(19860715)58:2<329::AID-CNCR2820580220>3.0.CO;2-D Cherqui, 1993, Emergency liver resection for spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma complicating cirrhosis, Br J Surg, 80, 747, 10.1002/bjs.1800800631 Yang, 2013, Partial hepatectomy for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Br J Surg, 100, 1071, 10.1002/bjs.9167 Anon, 2006, Delayed versus emergency hepatectomy for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Indian J Surg, 68, 209 Chiappa, 2008, Effectiveness of LigaSure diathermy coagulation in liver surgery, Surg Technol Int, 17, 1733 Cherqui, 2000, Laparoscopic liver resections: a feasibility study in 30 patients, Ann Surg, 232, 753, 10.1097/00000658-200012000-00004 Tan, 2006, Factors affecting early mortality in spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, ANZ J Surg, 76, 448, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2006.03750.x Sada, 2016, An analysis of surgical treatment for the spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Dig Surg, 33, 43, 10.1159/000441531 Lai, 1989, Spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma: an appraisal of surgical treatment, Ann Surg, 210, 24, 10.1097/00000658-198907000-00004 Sharp, 1992, Abdominal packing for surgically uncontrollable hemorrhage, Ann Surg, 215, 467, 10.1097/00000658-199205000-00009 Caruso, 1999, Perihepatic packing of major liver injuries: complications and mortality, Arch Surg, 134, 958, 10.1001/archsurg.134.9.958 Hsieh, 1987, Intraperitoneal hemorrhage due to spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment by hepatic arterial embolization, Am J Roentgen, 149, 715, 10.2214/ajr.149.4.715 Ng, 2003, Radiofrequency ablation as a salvage procedure for ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatogastroenterology, 50, 1641 Fuchizaki, 2004, Radiofrequency ablation for life-threatening ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, J Hepatol, 40, 354, 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.06.002 Sun, 2009, Repeated radiofrequency ablation as both salvage solution and curative treatment for spontaneous rupture of giant medial lobe hepatocellular carcinoma, Chin Med J (Engl), 122, 2067 Manikam, 2009, Percutaneous, non-operative radio frequency ablation for haemostasis of ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatogastroenterology, 56, 227 Cheung, 2014, Management of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinomas in the radiofrequency ablation era, PLOS ONE, 9, 944, 10.1371/journal.pone.0094453 Llovet, 1999, Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification, Semin Liver Dis, 19, 329, 10.1055/s-2007-1007122 Collaborative Staging Task Force of the American Committee on Cancer, 2004 Lin, 2006, Peritoneal lavage with distilled water during liver resection in patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinomas, J Surg Oncol, 94, 255, 10.1002/jso.20596 Sonoda, 1989, Ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma evokes risk of implanted metastases, J Surg Oncol, 41, 183, 10.1002/jso.2930410310 Zhou, 2015, Distilled water lavage during surgery improves long-term outcomes of patients with ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, J Gastrointest Surg, 19, 1737, 10.1007/s11605-015-2867-3 Blood, 2009 Prieto-Puga, 2015, Spontaneous rupture of a hepatocellular carcinoma: is a liver transplant indicated?, Cir Esp, 93, 478 Chen, 2000, Successful transplantation in a patient with ruptured large hepatocellular carcinoma with diaphragmatic invasion, Surgery, 127, 228, 10.1067/msy.2000.100719 Al-Mashat, 2002, Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma, Saudi Med J, 23, 866 Kirikoshi, 2009, Outcomes and factors influencing survival in cirrhotic cases with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study, BMC Gastroenterology, 9, 29, 10.1186/1471-230X-9-29 Chen, 2005, Outcomes of emergency treatment in ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma in the ED, Am J Emerg Med, 23, 730, 10.1016/j.ajem.2005.02.052 Yeh, 2002, Spontaneous tumour rupture and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Br J Surg, 89, 1125, 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02188.x Mizuno, 2004, Are the results of surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma poor if the tumor has spontaneously ruptured?, Scand J Gastroenterol, 39, 567, 10.1080/00365520410005135 Sahu, 2018, Rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: a tale of 20 cases from a tertiary care center from Northern India, J Gastrointest Canc