Role of trypsin in the replication of Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (strain MN-2a) and its entry into the Vero cells

Njenga, 2003, Metapneumoviruses in birds and humans, Virus Res., 91, 163, 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00256-3 Cook, 2000, Avian pneumovirus infections of turkeys and chickens, Vet. J., 160, 118, 10.1016/S1090-0233(00)90486-6 Jones, 1996, Avian pneumovirus infection: questions still unanswered, Avian Pathol., 25, 639, 10.1080/03079459608419171 Cook, 1999, Preliminary antigenic characterization of an avian pneumovirus isolated from a commercial turkeys in Colorado, USA, Avian Pathol., 28, 607, 10.1080/03079459994407 Bennett, 2004, Evidence of avian pneumovirus spread beyond Minnesota among wild and domestic birds in central North America, Avian Dis., 48, 902, 10.1637/7208-051804R Toquin, 2006, European and American subgroup C isolates of Avian metapneumovirus belong to different genetic lineages, Virus Genes, 32, 97, 10.1007/s11262-005-5850-3 Lee, 2007, Genetic characterization of Avian metapneumovirus subtype C isolated from pheasants in a live bird market, Virus Res., 128, 18, 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.029 Wei, 2013, Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C infection in chickens, China, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 19, 1092, 10.3201/eid1907.121126 Pringle, 1998, Virus taxonomy- San Diego 1998, Arch. Virol., 143, 1449, 10.1007/s007050050389 McIntosh, 2004, Human metapneumovirus-an important new respiratory virus, N. Engl. J. Med., 350, 431, 10.1056/NEJMp038212 Pelkmans, 2003, Insider information: what viruses tell us about endocytosis, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 15, 414, 10.1016/S0955-0674(03)00081-4 Smith, 2004, How viruses enter animal cells, Science, 304, 237, 10.1126/science.1094823 Matlin, 1981, Infectious entry pathway of influenza virus in a canine kidney cell line, J. Cell Biol., 91, 601, 10.1083/jcb.91.3.601 Brodsky, 2001, Biological basket weaving: formation and function of clathrin-coated vesicles, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 17, 517, 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.517 Pelkmans, 2002, Endocytosis via caveolae, Traffic, 3, 311, 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2002.30501.x Smith, 2009, Viral entry mechanisms: the increasing diversity of paramyxovirus entry, FEBS J., 276, 7217, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07401.x Lamb, 2006, 1449 Bissonnette, 2006, Analysis of the pH requirement for membrane fusion of different isolates of the paramyxovirus parainfluenza virus 5, J. Virol., 80, 3071, 10.1128/JVI.80.6.3071-3077.2006 Chaiwatpongsakorn, 2011, Soluble respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in the fully cleaved, pretriggered state is triggered by exposure to low-molarity buffer, J. Virol., 85, 3968, 10.1128/JVI.01813-10 Chang, 2012, Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) binding and infection are mediated by interactions between the HMPV fusion protein and heparan sulfate, J. Virol., 86, 3230, 10.1128/JVI.06706-11 Herfst, 2008, Low-pH-induced membrane fusion mediated by human metapneumovirus F protein is a rare, strain-dependent phenomenon, J. Virol., 82, 8891, 10.1128/JVI.00472-08 Schowalter, 2006, Characterization of human metapneumovirus F protein-promoted membrane fusion: critical roles for proteolytic processing and low pH, J. Virol., 80, 10931, 10.1128/JVI.01287-06 Schowalter, 2009, Low pH triggering of human metapneumovirus fusion: essential residues and importance in entry, J. Virol., 83, 1511, 10.1128/JVI.01381-08 Schickli, 2005, An S101P substitution in the putative cleavage motif of the human metapneumovirus fusion protein is a major determinant for trypsin-independent growth in vero cells and does not alter tissue tropism in hamsters, J. Virol., 79, 10678, 10.1128/JVI.79.16.10678-10689.2005 Zhang, 2011, Effects of N-linked glycosylation of the fusion protein on replication of human metapneumovirus in vitro and in mouse lungs, J. Gen. Virol., 92, 1666, 10.1099/vir.0.030049-0 Tayyari, 2011, Identification of nucleolin as a cellular receptor for human respiratory syncytial virus, Nat. Med., 17, 1132, 10.1038/nm.2444 Cseke, 2009, Integrin v1 promotes infection by human metapneumovirus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 106, 1566, 10.1073/pnas.0801433106 Govindarajan, 2010, Contribution of the attachment G glycoprotein to pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Avian metapneumovirs subgroup C, Avian Dis., 54, 59, 10.1637/8991-071409-Reg.1 Naylor, 2004, Development of a reverse-genetics system for avian pneumovirus demonstrates that the small hydrophobic (SH) and attachment (G) genes are not essential for virus viability, J. Gen. Virol., 85, 3219, 10.1099/vir.0.80229-0 Cox, 2012, The human metapneumovirus fusion protein mediates entry via an interaction with RGD-binding integrins, J. Virol., 86, 12148, 10.1128/JVI.01133-12 Wei, 2014, Roles of the putative integrin-binding motif of the human metapneumovirus fusion (f) protein in cell-cell fusion, viral infectivity, and pathogenesis, J. Virol., 88, 4338, 10.1128/JVI.03491-13 Easton, 2004, Animal pneumoviruses: molecular genetics and pathogenesis, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17, 390, 10.1128/CMR.17.2.390-412.2004 van den Hoogen, 2004, Antigenic and genetic variability of human metapneumoviruses, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 658, 10.3201/eid1004.030393 Goyal, 2000, Isolation of avian pneumovirus from an outbreak of respiratory illness in Minnesota turkeys, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 12, 166, 10.1177/104063870001200214 Reed, 1938, A simple method of estimating fifty percent end point, J. Hyg., 27, 493 Shirogane, 2008, Efficient multiplication of human metapneumovirus in vero cells expressing the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2, J. Virol., 82, 8942, 10.1128/JVI.00676-08 Jirjis, 2002, Pathogenesis of avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys, Vet. Pathol., 39, 300, 10.1354/vp.39-3-300 Chang, 2012, Paramyxovirus fusion and entry: multiple paths to a common end, Viruses, 4, 613, 10.3390/v4040613 Lamb, 1993, Paramyxovirus fusion: a hypothesis for changes, Virology, 197, 1, 10.1006/viro.1993.1561 Dutch, 2000, Virus membrane fusion proteins: biological machines that undergo a metamorphosis, Biosci. Rep., 20, 597, 10.1023/A:1010467106305 Kido, 1996, Cellular proteases involved in the pathogenicity of enveloped animal viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus A and Sendai virus, Adv. Enzyme Regul., 36, 325, 10.1016/0065-2571(95)00016-X Seal, 2000, Fusion protein predicted amino acid sequence of the first US avian pneumovirus isolate and lack of heterogeneity among other US isolates, Virus Res., 66, 139, 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00133-1 van den Hoogen, 2002, Analysis of the genomic sequence of human metapneumovirus, Virology, 295, 119, 10.1006/viro.2001.1355 Wei, 2012, Localization of a region in the fusion protein of Avian metapneumovirus that modulates cell-cell fusion, J. Virol., 86, 11800, 10.1128/JVI.00232-12 Weng, 2011, The cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport pathway is not involved in Avian metapneumovirus budding in a virus-like-particle expression system, J. Gen. Virol., 92, 1205, 10.1099/vir.0.029306-0 Zhang, 2012, Development and optimization of a direct plaque assay for human and Avian metapneumoviruses, J. Virol. Methods, 185, 61, 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.030 Cantin, 2007, Newcastle disease virus may enter cells by caveolae-mediated endocytosis, J. Gen. Virol., 88, 559, 10.1099/vir.0.82150-0 Kolokoltsov, 2007, Small interfering RNA profiling reveals key role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and early endosome formation for infection by respiratory syncytial virus, J. Virol., 81, 7786, 10.1128/JVI.02780-06 Srinivasakumar, 1991, Characteristics of fusion of respiratory syncytial virus with HEp-2 cells as measured by R18 fluorescence dequenching assay, J. Virol., 65, 4063, 10.1128/JVI.65.8.4063-4069.1991 Mas, 2011, Residues of the human metapneumovirus fusion (F) protein critical for its strain-related fusion phenotype: implications, J. Virol., 85, 12650, 10.1128/JVI.05485-11