Role of time perspectives and self-control on well-being and ill-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multiple mediation model

BMC Psychology - Tập 10 - Trang 1-11 - 2022
Min Zong1,2, Dan Dong1, Zhizun Yang1, Yi Feng3, Zhihong Qiao1
1Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
2Mental Health Center, China Foreign Affairs University, Beijing, China
3Mental Health Center, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China

Tóm tắt

A growing body of evidence indicates that the outbreak of COVID-19 has had a significant influence on individuals’ cognition, emotion, and psychological health. This study aims to explore the effect of the association between time perspectives and self-control on the well-being and ill-being among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an online survey involving 1,924 participants in mainland China during the outbreak of COVID-19. A series of self-rating questionnaires measuring the perceived impact of COVID-19, time perspectives, self-control, as well as the statuses of well-being and ill-being were administered. Multiple indirect effects of time perspectives and self-control on well-being and ill-being were analysed through structural equation modelling. The present-hedonistic time perspective (an orientation on immediate impulses of pleasure) meditated the effects of perceived impacts on both well-being and ill-being, and the future time perspective (considering the outcomes of actions and decisions) mediated the effects on well-being. Moreover, the mediating effects were further mediated by self-control. Specifically, the impact of the future time perspective on ill-being was fully mediated by self-control (β = 0.01, p < 0.01). Based on the results, it is evident that the present-hedonistic time perspective, the future time perspective, and self-control are related to higher levels of well-being and lower levels of ill-being, thereby providing further insight into the theoretical framework of time perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, our findings provide practical implications for psychological interventions during the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the effects of time perspectives and self-control on the well-being and ill-being of different individuals.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Who. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 2022/7/22; Available from: https://dashboards-dev.sprinklr.com/. Helliwell JF, Layard R, Sachs J, Neve J-ED, Aknin L, Wang S, et al. World Happiness Report 2021. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network; 2021. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–20. Feng Y, Zong M, Yang Z, Gu W, Dong D, Qiao Z. When altruists cannot help: the influence of altruism on the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health. 2020;16 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00587-y. Ogden RS. The passage of time during the UK Covid-19 lockdown. PLoS ONE. 2020;15 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235871. Holman EA, Grisham EL. When time falls apart: The public health implications of distorted time perception in the age of COVID-19. Psychol Trauma: Theory Res Pract Policy. 2020;12(S1):63–5. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric. Springer International Publishing; 2015. Cunningham KF, Zhang JW, Howell RT. Time Perspectives and Subjective Well-Being: A Dual-Pathway Framework. In: Stolarski M, Fieulaine N, Van Beek W. Editors. Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application: Essays in Honor of Philip G. Zimbardo. Springer International Publishing: Cham; 2015. pp. 403–15. Stolarski M, Wojciechowski J, Matthews G. Seeking the origins of time perspectives – Intelligence, temperament, or family environment? A one-year longitudinal study. Pers Indiv Differ. 2021;169 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110080. Kruger DJ, Reischl T, Zimmerman MA. Time perspective as a mechanism for functional developmental adaptation. J Social Evolutionary Cult Psychol. 2008;2(1):1–22. Burzynska B, Stolarski M. Rethinking the Relationships Between Time Perspectives and Well-Being: Four Hypothetical Models Conceptualizing the Dynamic Interplay Between Temporal Framing and Mechanisms Boosting Mental Well-Being. Front Psychol. 2020;11 DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01033. Lazarus RS. Evolution of a model of stress, coping, and discrete emotions., in: Rice VH, Editor. Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA; 2000. p. 195–222. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer; 1984. Fulham L, Book AS, Blais J, Ritchie MB, Gauthier NY, Costello K. The Effect of Hypervigilance on the Relationship Between Sexual Victimization and Gait. J interpers Violence. 2020;35(19–20):4061–82. Isiekwe IG, Adeyemi TE, Aikins EA, Umeh OD. Perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthodontic practice by orthodontists and orthodontic residents in Nigeria. J World Federation Orthodontists. 2020;9(3):123–8. Dear K, Henderson S, Korten A. Well-being in Australia. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2002;37(11):503–9. Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin. 1984:95, 542 – 575. Liu RT, Trout ZM, Hernandez EM, Cheek SM, Gerlus N. A behavioral and cognitive neuroscience perspective on impulsivity, suicide, and non-suicidal self-injury: Meta-analysis and recommendations for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;83:440–50. Ryff CD, Dienberg L, Urry G, Muller HL, Rosenkranz D, Friedman MA. EM. Psychological well-being and ill-being: Do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? Psychother Psychosom. 2006;75:85–95. Watson D, O’hara MW, Chmielewski M, Mcdade-Montez EA, Koffel E, Naragon K. Further validation of the IDAS: Evidence of convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity. Psychol Assess. 2008;20(3):248–59. Greenspoon PJ, Saklofske DH. Toward an Integration of Subjective Well-Being and Psychopathology. Soc Indic Res. 2001;54(1):81–108. Li J-B, Yang A, Dou K, Cheung RYM. Self-Control Moderates the Association Between Perceived Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health Problems Among the Chinese Public. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17 DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134820. Zimbardo PG, Boyd JN. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual differences metric. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1999;77(6):1271–88. Fong G, Hall P. Time perspective: a potentially important construct for decreasing health risk behaviors among adolescents. In: Romer D, editor. Reducing Adolescent Risk: Toward an Integrated Approach. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2003. pp. 106–12. Tomich PL, Tolich. A. Life is a balancing act: Deviation from a balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between lifetime trauma exposure and optimism. Current Psychology 2019 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00191-3. Stolarski M, Matthews G. Time Perspectives Predict Mood States and Satisfaction with Life over and above Personality. Curr Psychol. 2016;35(4):516–26. Chisholm J, Ellison P, Evans J, Lee P, Lieberman L, Pavlik Z, et al. Death, Hope, and Sex: Life-History Theory and the Development of Reproductive Strategies. Curr Anthropol. 1993;34(1):1–24. Dreves PA, Blackhart GC. Thinking into the future: how a future time perspective improves self-control. Pers Indiv Differ. 2019;149:141–51. Kim J, Hong H, Lee J, Hyun M-H. Effects of time perspective and self-control on procrastination and Internet addiction. J Behav Addictions. 2017;6(2):229–36. Diaconu-Gherasim LR, Mardari CR, Măirean C. The relation between time perspectives and well-being: A meta-analysis on research. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY. 2021. Hutton H, Treisman G, Hunt W. HIV risk behaviors and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder among women prisoners. Psychiatric Serv. 2001;52(4):508–13. Kooij D, Kanfer R, Rudolph CW. Future Time Perspective: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Appl Psychol. 2018;103(8):867–93. Zhang JW, Howell RT, Bowerman T. Validating a brief measure of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory. Time and Society. 2013;22:391–409. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM. The strength model of self-control. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007;16(6):351–5. Dou K, Li JB, Wang YJ, Li JJ, Liang ZQ, Nie YG. Engaging in prosocial behavior explains how high self-control relates to more life satisfaction: Evidence from three Chinese samples. PLoS ONE. 2019;14 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223169. Wiese CW, Tay L, Duckworth AL, D’mello S, Kuykendall L, Hofmann W, et al. Too much of a good thing? Exploring the inverted-U relationship between self-control and happiness. J Pers. 2018;86(3):380–96. Barber L, Munz D, Bagsby P, Grawitch M. When does time perspective matter? Self-control as a moderator between time perspective and academic achievement. Pers Indiv Differ. 2009;46(2):250–3. Price M, Higgs S, Lee M. Self-control mediates the relationship between time perspective and BMI. Appetite. 2017;108:156–60. Grace JB. Structural equation modeling and natural systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. Wang C, Time P. The revision of the inventory and the influence on risky driving behavior. In: Applied Psychology. Southwest University: Chong Qing; 2006. p. 42. Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271–322. Tan S-H, Guo Y-Y. Revision of Self-Control Scale for Chinese college students. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2008;16:468–70. Morean ME, Demartini KS, Leeman RF, Pearlson GD, Anticevic A, Krishnan-Sarin S, et al. Psychometrically improved, abbreviated versions of three classic measures of impulsivity and self-control. Psychol Assess. 2014;26(3):1003–20. Deci EL, Ryan RM. Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. J Happiness Stud. 2008;9 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1. Keyes CL, Shmotkin D, Ryff CD. Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2002;82(6):1007–22. Chang EC, Tian W, Jiang X, Yi S, Liu J, Bai Y, et al. Beyond the role of loneliness in psychological ill-being and well-being in females: Do social problem-solving processes still matter? Pers Indiv Differ. 2020;155 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109729. Hernandez R, Bassett SM, Boughton SW, Schuette SA, Shiu EW, Moskowitz JT. Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Emot Rev. 2018;10(1):18–29. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49:71–5. Wang KT, Yuen M, Slaney RB. Perfectionism, depression, loneliness, and life satisfaction: A study of high school students in Hong Kong. Couns Psychol. 2009;37(2):249–74. Liu J, Bartholomew K, Chung P-K. Perceptions of Teachers’ Interpersonal Styles and Well-Being and Ill-Being in Secondary School Physical Education Students: The Role of Need Satisfaction and Need Frustration. School Mental Health. 2017;9(4):360–71. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7. Tong X, An D, Mcgonigal A, Park S-P, Zhou D. Validation of the generalized anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) among Chinese people with epilepsy. Eplepsy Resarch. 2016;120:31–6. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1988;54(6):1063–70. Little TD, Cunningham WA, Shahar G, Widaman KF. To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2002;9(2):151–73. Little TD, Rhemtulla M, Gibson K, Schoemann AM. Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one. Psychol Methods. 2013;18(3):285–300. Mcclanahan W, Van Der Linden S, Ruggeri K. Decision-making style mediates the relationship between trait self-control and self-reported criminal behavior. Personality and Individual Differences. 2019;151. Zheng L, Chen Y, Gan Y. Problem solving: Helping understand why future orientation regulates emotion and benefits performances. Curr Psychol. 2022. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02983-6. Kishton JM, Widaman KF. Unidimensional Versus Domain Representative Parceling of Questionnaire Items: An Empirical Example. Educ Psychol Meas. 1994;54(3):757–65. Wen Z, Hau K, Herbert WM. Structural equation model Testing:Cutoff criteria for goodness of fit indices and Chi-square test. Acta Physiol Sinica. 2004;36(2):186–94. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40:879–91. Pedrozo-Pupo JC, Pedrozo-Cortés MJ, Campo-Arias A. Perceived stress associated with COVID-19 epidemic in Colombia: an online survey. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2020;36 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00090520. Grund A, Carstens C-A. Self-control motivationally reconsidered: “Acting” self-controlled is different to “being good” at self-control. Motivation and Emotion. 2019;43(1):63–81. Boniwell I, Osin E, Linley PA, Ivanchenko GV. A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. J Posit Psychol. 2010;5(1):24–40.