Role of thyroid hormones in normal and abnormal central nervous system myelination in humans and rodents

Abu-Saad, 2010, Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes, Epidemiol. Rev., 32, 5, 10.1093/epirev/mxq001 Ahmad, 2017, Congenital hypothyroidism: screening, diagnosis, management, and outcome, J. Clin. Neonatol., 6, 64, 10.4103/jcn.JCN_5_17 Albert, 2012, Etiology of increasing incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in New Zealand from 1993–2010, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 97, 3155, 10.1210/jc.2012-1562 Allin, 2004, Effects of very low birthweight on brain structure in adulthood, Develop. Med. Child Neurol., 46, 46, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00433.x Alonso, 2008, Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review, Neurology, 71, 129, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000316802.35974.34 Alshehri, 2015, The diversity of mechanisms influenced by transthyretin in neurobiology: development, disease and endocrine disruption, J. Neuroendocrinol., 27, 303, 10.1111/jne.12271 Alshehri, 2020, The role of transthyretin in oligodendrocyte development, Sci. Rep., 10, 4189, 10.1038/s41598-020-60699-8 Ando, 2013, Guideline of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis for clinicians, Orphanet. J. Rare Dis., 8, 31, 10.1186/1750-1172-8-31 Anzai, 2012, Long-term 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid therapy in a child with hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid hormone resistance: pharmacological study and therapeutic recommendations, Thyroid, 22, 1069, 10.1089/thy.2011.0450 Armour, 2015, Further insights into the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome: clinical and functional characterization of a novel MCT8 mutation, PLoS ONE, 10, e0139343, 10.1371/journal.pone.0139343 Ascherio, 2007, Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: Noninfectious factors, Ann. Neurol., 61, 504, 10.1002/ana.21141 Babin, 1992, Binding of thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine to trout plasma lipoproteins, Am. J. Physiol., 262, E712 Back, 2001, Late oligodendrocyte progenitors coincide with the developmental window of vulnerability for human perinatal white matter injury, J. Neurosci., 21, 1302, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-04-01302.2001 Bargi-Souza, 2017, Novel aspects of T3 actions on GH and TSH synthesis and secretion: physiological implications, J. Mol. Endocrinol., 59, R167, 10.1530/JME-17-0068 Barradas, 2000, 2′3′cyclic nucleotide 3′phosphodiesterase immunohistochemistry shows an impairment on myelin compaction in hypothyroid rats, Int. J. Develop. Neurosci., 18, 887, 10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00028-9 Barradas, 2001, Selective effect of hypothyroidism on expression of myelin markers during development, J. Neurosci. Res., 66, 254, 10.1002/jnr.1218 Barres, 1994, A novel role for thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid in timing oligodendrocyte development, Development, 120, 1097, 10.1242/dev.120.5.1097 Bartalena, 1993, Thyroid hormone transport proteins, Clin. Lab. Med., 13, 583, 10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30427-X Bassett, 2003, Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 213, 1, 10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.033 Baudry, 1998, Role of multimerized porcine thyroglobulin in iodine storage, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 242, 292, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7952 Baumann, 2001, Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system, Physiol. Rev., 81, 871, 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.871 Benvenga, 1988, Binding of thyroid hormones to human plasma lipoproteins, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 67, 6, 10.1210/jcem-67-1-6 Bergh, 2005, Integrin αVβ3 contains a cell surface receptor site for thyroid hormone that is linked to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of angiogenesis, Endocrinology, 146, 2864, 10.1210/en.2005-0102 Bernal, 2007, Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function, Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab., 3, 249, 10.1038/ncpendmet0424 Bernal, 2015, Thyroid hormone transporters-functions and clinical implications, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 11, 690, 10.1038/nrendo.2015.186 Bhutta, 2014, Can available interventions end preventable deaths in mothers, newborn babies, and stillbirths, and at what cost?, Lancet, 384, 347, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60792-3 Billon, 2002, Normal timing of oligodendrocyte development depends on thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRα1), EMBO J., 21, 6452, 10.1093/emboj/cdf662 Blair, 2015, Fetal growth restriction and risk of cerebral palsy in singletons born after at least 35 weeks' gestation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 212, 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.1103 Blake, 1971, An x-ray study of the subunit structure of prealbumin, J. Mol. Biol., 61, 217, 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90218-X Bongers-Schokking, 2005, Influence of timing and dose of thyroid hormone replacement on mental, psychomotor, and behavioral development in children with congenital hypothyroidism, J. Pediatr., 147, 768, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.09.031 Bongers-Schokking, 1984, Thyroid function in healthy normal, low birthweight and preterm infants, Eur. J. Pediatr., 143, 117, 10.1007/BF00445798 Bradl, 2010, Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology, Acta Neuropathol., 119, 37, 10.1007/s00401-009-0601-5 Brusa, 2020, Upper and lower limb strength and body posture in children with congenital hypothyroidism: an observational case-control study, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 10.3390/ijerph17134830 Bursuk, E., 2012. Introduction to Thyroid: Anatomy and Functions, Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases – New Insights into Some Old and Some New Issues. https:\\doi.org\10.5772/37942. Businelli, 2015, Ultrasound evaluation of cortical brain development in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction, J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med., 28, 1302, 10.3109/14767058.2014.953474 Calzà, 2018, Chapter eleven – thyroid hormone and the white matter of the central nervous system: from development to repair, 253, 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.04.003 Cao, 2009, Cytoplasm-to-nucleus shuttling of thyroid hormone receptor-β1 (TRβ1) is directed from a plasma membrane integrin receptor by thyroid hormone, Endocr. Res., 34, 31 Chan, 2003, Placental iodothyronine deiodinase expression in normal and growth-restricted human pregnancies, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 4488, 10.1210/jc.2003-030228 Chan, 2014, MCT8 expression in human fetal cerebral cortex is reduced in severe intrauterine growth restriction, J. Endocrinol., 220, 85, 10.1530/JOE-13-0400 Chanoine, 1992, Role of transthyretin in the transport of thyroxine from the blood to the choroid plexus, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the brain, Endocrinology, 130, 933 Chase, 1972, Alterations in human brain biochemistry following intrauterine growth retardation, Pediatrics, 50, 403, 10.1542/peds.50.3.403 Clairman, 2015, Do children with congenital hypothyroidism exhibit abnormal cortical morphology?, Pediatr. Res., 78, 286, 10.1038/pr.2015.93 Coelho, 2013, Safety and efficacy of RNAi therapy for transthyretin amyloidosis, N. Engl. J. Med., 369, 819, 10.1056/NEJMoa1208760 Correale, 2017, Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic mechanisms to treatment, Brain, 140, 527 Crook, 2016, Analbuminaemia: clinical features and associated hypercholesterolaemia, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 53, 525, 10.1177/0004563216657841 Crossley, 1979, Serum tetraiodothyroacetate (T4A) levels in normal healthy euthyroid individuals determined by gas chromatography-mass fragmentography (GC-MF), Clin. Chim. Acta, 94, 267, 10.1016/0009-8981(79)90074-3 Cserr, 1971, Physiology of the choroid plexus, Physiol. Rev., 51, 273, 10.1152/physrev.1971.51.2.273 Daneman, 1980, Neonatal thyrotoxicosis: intellectual impairment and craniosynostosis in later years, J. Pediatr., 97, 257, 10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80487-2 Darras, 2012, Iodothyronine deiodinase structure and function: from ascidians to humans, J. Endocrinol., 215, 189, 10.1530/JOE-12-0204 Davis, 1983, Stimulation by thyroid hormone analogues of red blood cell Ca2+-ATPase activity in vitro. Correlations between hormone structure and biological activity in a human cell system, J. Biol. Chem., 258, 12373, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44185-8 Davis, 1996, Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone, Thyroid, 6, 497, 10.1089/thy.1996.6.497 Davis, 2016, Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 12, 111, 10.1038/nrendo.2015.205 Davis, 2008, Mechanisms of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 29, 211, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.003 Davis, 2013, Adjunctive input to the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor from the cell surface receptor for the hormone, Thyroid, 23, 1503, 10.1089/thy.2013.0280 De Blasio, 2006, Placental restriction alters circulating thyroid hormone in the young lamb postnatally, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 291, R1016, 10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2006 de Onis, 1998, Levels and patterns of intrauterine growth retardation in developing countries, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 52, S5 Deoni, 2011, Mapping infant brain myelination with magnetic resonance imaging, J. Neurosci., 31, 784, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2106-10.2011 Di Cosmo, 2009, A thyroid hormone analog with reduced dependence on the monocarboxylate transporter 8 for tissue transport, Endocrinology, 150, 4450, 10.1210/en.2009-0209 Dickson, 1987, Thyroxine transport in choroid plexus, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 13907, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47880-5 Dubois, 2008, Primary cortical folding in the human newborn: an early marker of later functional development, Brain, 131, 2028, 10.1093/brain/awn137 Dubois, 2008, Mapping the early cortical folding process in the preterm newborn brain, Cereb. Cortex, 18, 1444, 10.1093/cercor/bhm180 Dumitrescu, 2004, A novel syndrome combining thyroid and neurological abnormalities is associated with mutations in a monocarboxylate transporter gene, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74, 168, 10.1086/380999 Egana-Ugrinovic, 2014, Corpus callosum differences assessed by fetal MRI in late-onset intrauterine growth restriction and its association with neurobehavior, Prenat. Diagn., 34, 843, 10.1002/pd.4381 Eikenes, 2012, Being born small for gestational age reduces white matter integrity in adulthood: a prospective cohort study, Pediatr. Res., 72, 649, 10.1038/pr.2012.129 Ek, 2015, Expression of tight junction proteins and transporters for xenobiotic metabolism at the blood-CSF barrier during development in the nonhuman primate (P. hamadryas), Reprod. Toxicol., 56, 32, 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.06.047 Emery, 2010, Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of CNS myelination, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 20, 601, 10.1016/j.conb.2010.05.005 Emery, 2015, Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte development and myelination in the central nervous system, Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol., 7, a020461, 10.1101/cshperspect.a020461 Engelhardt, 2009, The blood–brain and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers: function and dysfunction, Sem. Immunopathol., 31, 497, 10.1007/s00281-009-0177-0 Esteban, 2010, Improving effects of long-term growth hormone treatment on monoaminergic neurotransmission and related behavioral tests in aged rats, Rejuvenation Res., 13, 707, 10.1089/rej.2010.1053 Evans, 1988, The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, Science, 240, 889, 10.1126/science.3283939 Fernandez, 2004, Thyroid hormone administration enhances remyelination in chronic demyelinating inflammatory disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101, 16363, 10.1073/pnas.0407262101 Ferrara, 2014, Placenta passage of the thyroid hormone analog DITPA to male wild-type and Mct8-deficient mice, Endocrinology, 155, 4088, 10.1210/en.2014-1085 Fields, 2008, White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders, Trends Neurosci., 31, 361, 10.1016/j.tins.2008.04.001 Franco, 2008, Thyroid hormones promote differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and improve remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination, Exp. Neurol., 212, 458, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.039 Franklin, 2015, Glia disease and repair-remyelination, Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol., 7, a020594, 10.1101/cshperspect.a020594 Friesema, 2003, Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 40128, 10.1074/jbc.M300909200 Friesema, 2004, Association between mutations in a thyroid hormone transporter and severe X-linked psychomotor retardation, Lancet, 364, 1435, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17226-7 Friesema, 2006, Mechanisms of disease: psychomotor retardation and high T3 levels caused by mutations in monocarboxylate transporter 8, Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab., 2, 512, 10.1038/ncpendmet0262 Friesema, 2005, Thyroid hormone transporters, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 33, 228, 10.1042/BST0330228 Frohman, 2006, Multiple sclerosis–the plaque and its pathogenesis, N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 942, 10.1056/NEJMra052130 Gavrila, 2019, The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: physiological regulation and clinical implications, 13 Gereben, 2008, Cellular and molecular basis of deiodinase-regulated thyroid hormone signaling1, Endocrine Rev., 29, 898, 10.1210/er.2008-0019 Geva, 2006, Neuropsychological outcome of children with intrauterine growth restriction: a 9-year prospective study, Pediatrics, 118, 91, 10.1542/peds.2005-2343 Gibson, 2014, Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain, Science, 344, 1252304, 10.1126/science.1252304 Gika, 2010, White matter abnormalities and dystonic motor disorder associated with mutations in the SLC16A2 gene, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 52, 475, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03471.x Gilbert, 2003, Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in the developing rat impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus, Dev. Brain Res., 145, 19, 10.1016/S0165-3806(03)00191-3 Goecke, 2018, Newborn of mothers with Graves' disease, Rev Chil Pediatr, 89, 753 Goldman, 2009, DITPA (3,5-Diiodothyropropionic Acid), a thyroid hormone analog to treat heart failure: phase II trial veterans affairs cooperative study, Circulation, 119, 3093, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.834424 Goodwin, 2016, Multiple sclerosis: integration of modeling with biology, clinical and imaging measures to provide better monitoring of disease progression and prediction of outcome, Neural Regen Res, 11, 1900, 10.4103/1673-5374.195274 Gourraud, 2012, The genetics of multiple sclerosis: an up-to-date review, Immunol. Rev., 248, 87, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01134.x Groeneweg, 2019, Effectiveness and safety of the tri-iodothyronine analogue Triac in children and adults with MCT8 deficiency: an international, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial, Lancet Diab. Endocrinol., 7, 695, 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30155-X Groeneweg, 2017, Triiodothyroacetic acid in health and disease, J. Endocrinol., 234, R99, 10.1530/JOE-17-0113 Halmi, 1960, Effect of thiocyanate, stable iodide and perchlorate on the kinetics of radioiodide transport between thyroid gland and blood of rats, Endocrinology, 67, 332, 10.1210/endo-67-3-332 Hammes, 2015, Overlapping nongenomic and genomic actions of thyroid hormone and steroids, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 29, 581, 10.1016/j.beem.2015.04.001 Harms, 1991, Transthyretin (prealbumin) gene expression in choroid plexus is strongly conserved during evolution of vertebrates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 99, 239, 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90035-C Harsan, 2008, Recovery from chronic demyelination by thyroid hormone therapy: myelinogenesis induction and assessment by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, J. Neurosci., 28, 14189, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4453-08.2008 Hartley, 2019, Myelin repair stimulated by CNS-selective thyroid hormone action, JCI Insight, 4, 10.1172/jci.insight.126329 Horn, 2013, Tetrac can replace thyroid hormone during brain development in mouse mutants deficient in the thyroid hormone transporter mct8, Endocrinology, 154, 968, 10.1210/en.2012-1628 Huang, 2017, Multiple sclerosis: pathology, diagnosis and treatments, Exp. Therapeutic Med., 13, 3163, 10.3892/etm.2017.4410 Hulbert, 2000, Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective, Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 75, 519, 10.1017/S146479310000556X Jacobsen, 1979, Changes in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-binding proteins during early infancy. Studies in healthy fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm infants aged 7 to 240 days, Acta Paediatr Scand, 68, 411, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979.tb05029.x Jagannathan, 1998, Develop. Brain Res., 109, 179, 10.1016/S0165-3806(98)00081-9 Johnson, 2000, Cerebral palsies: epidemiology and causal pathways, Arch. Dis. Child., 83, 279A, 10.1136/adc.83.3.279a Kaplan, 1982, Prevalence of abnormal thyroid function test results in patients with acute medical illnesses, Am. J. Med., 72, 9, 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90565-4 Kaplan, 1984, Type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodination by human and rat placenta in vitro, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 59, 253, 10.1210/jcem-59-2-253 Kersseboom, 2014, In vitro and mouse studies supporting therapeutic utility of triiodothyroacetic acid in MCT8 deficiency, Mol. Endocrinol., 28, 1961, 10.1210/me.2014-1135 Kilby, 1998, Circulating thyroid hormone concentrations and placental thyroid hormone receptor expression in normal human pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 2964, 10.1210/jcem.83.8.5002 Kinney, 1998, Human oligodendroglial development: relationship to periventricular leukomalacia, Semin Pediatr Neurol, 5, 180, 10.1016/S1071-9091(98)80033-8 Köhrle, 1994, Thyroid hormone deiodination in target tissues–a regulatory role for the trace element selenium?, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol., 102, 63, 10.1055/s-0029-1211267 Kopelman, 1983, Delayed cerebral development in twins with congenital hyperthyroidism, Am. J. Dis. Child., 137, 842 Krude, 2015, Treatment of congenital thyroid dysfunction: achievements and challenges, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 29, 399, 10.1016/j.beem.2015.04.004 Ladenson, 2010, Effects of the thyromimetic agent diiodothyropropionic acid on body weight, body mass index, and serum lipoproteins: a pilot prospective, randomized, controlled study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95, 1349, 10.1210/jc.2009-1209 Larsen, 1981, Relationships between circulating and intracellular thyroid hormones: physiological and clinical implications, Endocr. Rev., 2, 87, 10.1210/edrv-2-1-87 Lee, 2012, The molecular profiles of neural stem cell niche in the adult subventricular zone, PLoS ONE, 7, e50501, 10.1371/journal.pone.0050501 Lee, 2017, Overcoming monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8)-deficiency to promote human oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, EBioMedicine, 25, 122, 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.10.016 Lee, 2016, Thyroid hormone signaling in oligodendrocytes: from extracellular transport to intracellular signal, Mol. Neurobiol., 53, 6568, 10.1007/s12035-016-0013-1 Leger, 2015, Congenital hypothyroidism: a clinical update of long-term outcome in young adults, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 172, R67, 10.1530/EJE-14-0777 Lei, 2003, Thyroid hormone stimulates Na-K-ATPase activity and its plasma membrane insertion in rat alveolar epithelial cells, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 285, L762, 10.1152/ajplung.00376.2002 Lemkine, 2005, Adult neural stem cell cycling in vivo requires thyroid hormone and its alpha receptor, FASEB J., 19, 863, 10.1096/fj.04-2916fje Leonard, 2008, Non-genomic actions of thyroid hormone in brain development, Steroids, 73, 1008, 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.12.016 Leonard, 1983, Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity in brown adipose tissue, Endocrinology, 112, 1153, 10.1210/endo-112-3-1153 Leonard, 1984, Selective modification of the active center of renal iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase by iodoacetate, BBA, 787, 122 Leonard, 2001, Characterization of the subunit structure of the catalytically active type I iodothyronine deiodinase, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 2600, 10.1074/jbc.M006973200 Lin, 2012, Nongenomic regulation by thyroid hormone of plasma membrane ion and small molecule pumps, Discov. Med., 14, 199 Lodygensky, 2008, Intrauterine growth restriction affects the preterm infant's hippocampus, Pediatr. Res., 63, 438, 10.1203/PDR.0b013e318165c005 Loma, 2011, Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment, Curr. Neuropharmacol., 9, 409, 10.2174/157015911796557911 Lopez-Espindola, 2014, Mutations of the thyroid hormone transporter MCT8 cause prenatal brain damage and persistent hypomyelination, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 99, E2799, 10.1210/jc.2014-2162 Lun, 2015, Development and functions of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 16, 445, 10.1038/nrn3921 Macfaul, 1978, Neurological abnormalities in patients treated for hypothyroidism from early life, Arch. Dis. Child., 53, 611, 10.1136/adc.53.8.611 MacLennan, 2015, Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 213, 779, 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.034 Maeda, 1984, Evidence that the 5'-monodeiodinases for thyroxine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine in the rat pituitary are separate enzymes, Endocrinology, 114, 747, 10.1210/endo-114-3-747 Mahad, 2015, Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis, Lancet Neurol., 14, 183, 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70256-X Mallard, 2000, Reduced number of neurons in the hippocampus and the cerebellum in the postnatal guinea-pig following intrauterine growth-restriction, Neuroscience, 100, 327, 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00271-2 Mallard, 1998, Effects of chronic placental insufficiency on brain development in fetal sheep, Pediatr. Res., 43, 262, 10.1203/00006450-199802000-00018 Maranduba, 2006, Decreased cellular uptake and metabolism in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) due to a novel mutation in the MCT8 thyroid hormone transporter, J. Med. Genet., 43, 457, 10.1136/jmg.2005.035840 Mariotti, S., Beck-Peccoz, P., 2000. Physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. In: Endotext, eds. K.R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, W.W. de Herder, K. Dungan, A. Grossman, J.M. Hershman, H.J. Hofland, G. Kaltsas, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, R. McLachlan, J.E. Morley, M. New, J. Purnell, F. Singer, C.A. Stratakis, D.L. Trence & D.P. Wilson. (South Dartmouth (MA)). Marta, 1998, Sustained neonatal hyperthyroidism in the rat affects myelination in the central nervous system, J. Neurosci. Res., 53, 251, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980715)53:2<251::AID-JNR14>3.0.CO;2-9 Matheus, 2015, Redefining the pediatric phenotype of X-linked monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) deficiency: implications for diagnosis and therapies, J. Child Neurol., 30, 1664, 10.1177/0883073815578524 McIntyre, 2013, Antecedents of cerebral palsy and perinatal death in term and late preterm singletons, Obstet. Gynecol., 122, 869, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a265ab Mendel, 1989, The free hormone hypothesis: a physiologically based mathematical model, Endocr. Rev., 10, 232, 10.1210/edrv-10-3-232 Mendel, 1990, Thyroxine uptake by perfused rat liver. No evidence for facilitation by five different thyroxine-binding proteins, J. Clin. Invest., 86, 1840, 10.1172/JCI114914 Menegay, 1989, Pharmacokinetics of 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid and its effects on serum TSH levels, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh), 121, 651 Mitew, 2016, Axonal activity-dependent myelination in development: insights for myelin repair, J. Chem. Neuroanat., 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.03.002 Moeller, 2011, Stanniocalcin 1 induction by thyroid hormone depends on thyroid hormone receptor beta and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diab., 119, 81, 10.1055/s-0030-1262860 Moog, 2017, Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development, Neuroscience, 342, 68, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.070 Mori, 2002, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent cytosolic T(3) binding protein as a regulator for T(3)-mediated transactivation, Endocrinology, 143, 1538, 10.1210/endo.143.4.8736 Morreale de Escobar, 2004, Role of thyroid hormone during early brain development, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 151, U25, 10.1530/eje.0.151u025 Mousa, 2008, Tetraiodothyroacetic acid, a small molecule integrin ligand, blocks angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, Angiogenesis, 11, 183, 10.1007/s10456-007-9088-7 Muller, 2014, Tissue-specific alterations in thyroid hormone homeostasis in combined Mct10 and Mct8 deficiency, Endocrinology, 155, 315, 10.1210/en.2013-1800 Munoz, 1991, Effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on rat brain gene expression, Mol. Endocrinol., 5, 273, 10.1210/mend-5-2-273 Murata, 1985, Variant thyroxine-binding globulin in serum of Australian Aborigines: its physical, chemical and biological properties, J. Endocrinol. Invest., 8, 225, 10.1007/BF03348482 Mylotte, 1985, Milrinone and thyroid hormone stimulate myocardial membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity and share structural homologies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82, 7974, 10.1073/pnas.82.23.7974 Nait-Oumesmar, 1999, Progenitor cells of the adult mouse subventricular zone proliferate, migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes after demyelination, Eur. J. Neurosci., 11, 4357, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00873.x Neumann, 2001, Structural basis of negative cooperativity in transthyretin, Acta Biochim. Pol., 48, 867, 10.18388/abp.2001_3852 Nicholson, 1972, The effects of early hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the development of rat cerebellar cortex. I. Cell proliferation and differentiation, Brain Res., 44, 13, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90362-9 Nicholson, 1972, The effects of early hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the development of the rat cerebellar cortex. II. Synaptogenesis in the molecular layer, Brain Res., 44, 25, 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90363-0 Nieman, 1983, Effect of end-stage renal disease on responsiveness to calmodulin and thyroid hormone of calcium-ATPase in human red blood cells, Kidney Int. Suppl., 16, S167 Oddie, 1972, Incidence of signs and symptoms in thyroid disease, Med. J. Aust., 2, 981, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1972.tb103675.x Ohtaki, 1982, One- and two-electron oxidations of tyrosine, monoiodotyrosine, and diiodotyrosine catalyzed by hog thyroid peroxidase, J. Biol. Chem., 257, 13398, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33462-8 Olivier, 2005, Prenatal ischemia and white matter damage in rats, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 64, 998, 10.1097/01.jnen.0000187052.81889.57 Oppenheimer, 1985, Stereospecific transport of triiodothyronine from plasma to cytosol and from cytosol to nucleus in rat liver, kidney, brain, and heart, J. Clin. Invest., 75, 147, 10.1172/JCI111667 Padilla, 2015, Brain growth gains and losses in extremely preterm infants at term, Cereb. Cortex, 25, 1897, 10.1093/cercor/bht431 Padilla, 2011, Differential effects of intrauterine growth restriction on brain structure and development in preterm infants: a magnetic resonance imaging study, Brain Res., 1382, 98, 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.032 Padilla, 2014, Differential vulnerability of gray matter and white matter to intrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants at 12 months corrected age, Brain Res., 1545, 1, 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.007 Parks, 2010, The impact of transient hypothyroidism on the increasing rate of congenital hypothyroidism in the United States, Pediatrics, 125, S54, 10.1542/peds.2009-1975F Peeters, 2003, Reduced activation and increased inactivation of thyroid hormone in tissues of critically ill patients, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 88, 3202, 10.1210/jc.2002-022013 Perge, 2012, Why do axons differ in caliber?, J. Neurosci., 32, 626, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4254-11.2012 Petrova, 2017, Axonal loss in the multiple sclerosis spinal cord revisited, Brain Pathol. Philips, 2017, Oligodendroglia: metabolic supporters of neurons, J. Clin. Invest., 127, 3271, 10.1172/JCI90610 Polak, 2006, Congenital hyperthyroidism: the fetus as a patient, Horm. Res., 65, 235 Potter, 1982, Retarded fetal brain development resulting from severe dietary iodine deficiency in sheep, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 8, 303, 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1982.tb00299.x Rabah, 2019, Thyroid hormone distributor proteins during development in vertebrates, Front. Endocrinol., 10 Radetti, 2002, Foetal and neonatal thyroid disorders, Minerva Pediatr., 54, 383 Rastogi, 2010, Congenital hypothyroidism, Orphanet J. Rare Dis., 5, 17, 10.1186/1750-1172-5-17 Refetoff, S., 2000a. Abnormal thyroid hormone transport. In: Endotext, eds. L.J. De Groot, G. Chrousos, K. Dungan, K.R. Feingold, A. Grossman, J.M. Hershman, C. Koch, M. Korbonits, R. McLachlan, M. New, J. Purnell, R. Rebar, F. Singer & A. Vinik. (South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.). Refetoff, S., 2000b. Thyroid hormone serum transport proteins. In: Endotext, eds. K.R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, W.W. de Herder, K. Dungan, A. Grossman, J.M. Hershman, H.J. Hofland, G. Kaltsas, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, R. McLachlan, J.E. Morley, M. New, J. Purnell, F. Singer, C.A. Stratakis, D.L. Trence & D.P. Wilson. (South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. Copyright © 2000-2020, MDText.com, Inc.). Refetoff, 1985, X-chromosome-linked inheritance of the variant thyroxine-binding globulin in Australian Aborigines*, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol., 60, 356, 10.1210/jcem-60-2-356 Refetoff, 2020, Prenatal treatment of thyroid hormone cell membrane transport defect caused by MCT8 gene mutation, Thyroid Rehn, 2004, An animal model of chronic placental insufficiency: relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia, Neuroscience, 129, 381, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.047 Reid, 2012, Delayed myelination in an intrauterine growth retardation model is mediated by oxidative stress upregulating bone morphogenetic protein 4, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 71, 640, 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31825cfa81 Remaud, 2014, Thyroid hormone signaling and adult neurogenesis in mammals, Front. Endocrinol., 5, 62, 10.3389/fendo.2014.00062 Remaud, 2017, Transient hypothyroidism favors oligodendrocyte generation providing functional remyelination in the adult mouse brain, Elife, 6, 10.7554/eLife.29996 Ribbons, 2017, Ongoing increase in incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newcastle, Australia: a 50-year study, Mult Scler, 23, 1063, 10.1177/1352458516671819 Richardson, 2007, Cell division and apoptosis in the adult neural stem cell niche are differentially affected in transthyretin null mice, Neurosci. Lett., 421, 234, 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.05.040 Richardson, 2017, The affinity of transthyretin for T3 or T4 does not determine which form of the hormone accumulates in the choroid plexus, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. Richardson, 2015, Transport of thyroid hormones via the choroid plexus into the brain: the roles of transthyretin and thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters, Front. Neurosci., 9, 66, 10.3389/fnins.2015.00066 Robbins, 1979, The iodine containing hormones, Hormones Blood, 576 Rodriguez-Pena, 1993, Neonatal hypothyroidism affects the timely expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein in the rat brain, J. Clin. Invest., 91, 812, 10.1172/JCI116301 Rosman, 1972, The effect of thyroid deficiency on myelination of brain, Inorphol. Biochem. Study, 22, 99 Rovet, 1999, Long-term neuropsychological sequelae of early-treated congenital hypothyroidism: effects in adolescence, Acta Paediatr., 88, 88, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01168.x Salas-Lucia, 2020, Transient hypothyroidism during lactation alters the development of the corpus callosum in rats. An in vivo magnetic resonance image and electron microscopy study, Front. Neuroanat., 14, 33, 10.3389/fnana.2020.00033 Sayre, 2012, Fatty acid metabolism and thyroid hormones, Curr Trends Endocinol., 6, 65 Schreiber, 2002, The evolutionary and integrative roles of transthyretin in thyroid hormone homeostasis, J. Endocrinol., 175, 61, 10.1677/joe.0.1750061 Schreiber, 1990, Thyroxine transport from blood to brain via transthyretin synthesis in choroid plexus, Am. J. Physiol., 258, R338 Schreiber, 1997, The evolution of gene expression, structure and function of transthyretin, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 116, 137, 10.1016/S0305-0491(96)00212-X Schwartz, 2005, Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome and the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) gene, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 77, 41, 10.1086/431313 Schweizer, 2014, Crystal structure of mammalian selenocysteine-dependent iodothyronine deiodinase suggests a peroxiredoxin-like catalytic mechanism, PNAS, 111, 10526, 10.1073/pnas.1323873111 Segni, M., 2000a. Disorders of the thyroid gland in infancy, childhood and adolescence. In: Endotext, eds. K.R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, W.W. de Herder, K. Dungan, A. Grossman, J.M. Hershman, H.J. Hofland, G. Kaltsas, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, R. McLachlan, J.E. Morley, M. New, J. Purnell, F. Singer, C.A. Stratakis, D.L. Trence & D.P. Wilson. (South Dartmouth (MA)). Segni, M., 2000b. Neonatal hyperthyroidism. In: Endotext, eds. K.R. Feingold, B. Anawalt, A. Boyce, G. Chrousos, W.W. de Herder, K. Dungan, A. Grossman, J.M. Hershman, H.J. Hofland, G. Kaltsas, C. Koch, P. Kopp, M. Korbonits, R. McLachlan, J.E. Morley, M. New, J. Purnell, F. Singer, C.A. Stratakis, D.L. Trence & D.P. Wilson. (South Dartmouth (MA)). Shupnik, 1985, Transcriptional regulation of the thyrotropin subunit genes by thyroid hormone, J. Biol. Chem., 260, 2900, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)89450-9 Sloka, 2005, Co-occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease in a multiple sclerosis cohort, J. Autoimmune Dis., 2, 9, 10.1186/1740-2557-2-9 Slotkin, 1984, Obligatory role of thyroid hormones in development of peripheral sympathetic and central nervous system catecholaminergic neurons: effects of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism on transmitter levels, turnover and release, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 230, 53 Snaidero, 2014, Myelination at a glance, J. Cell Sci., 127, 2999, 10.1242/jcs.151043 Soheilipour, 2016, First report of inherited thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency in Iran caused by a known de novo mutation in SERPINA7, Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep., 8, 13, 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.06.001 Soothill, 1992, Fetal biochemistry in growth retardation, Early Hum. Dev., 29, 91, 10.1016/0378-3782(92)90062-L Sorimachi, 1978, Uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones by cultured monkey hepatocarcinoma cells. Effects of potassium cyanide and dinitrophenol, BBA, 542, 515 Southwell, 1993, Thyroxine transport to the brain: role of protein synthesis by the choroid plexus, Endocrinology, 133, 2116, 10.1210/endo.133.5.8404661 Stauder, 1986, Synthesis of transthyretin (pre-albumin) mRNA in choroid plexus epithelial cells, localized by in situ hybridization in rat brain, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 34, 949, 10.1177/34.7.3458812 Sterling, 1980, Rapid effect of triiodothyronine on the mitochondrial pathway in rat liver in vivo, Science, 210, 340, 10.1126/science.7423197 Suzuki, 2003, Cell-specific expression of NADPH-dependent cytosolic 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine-binding protein (p38CTBP), Eur. J. Endocrinol./Eur. Federat. Endocrine Soc., 148, 259, 10.1530/eje.0.1480259 Tarlinton, 2019, The interaction between viral and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 10.3390/ijms20020303 Taurog, 1964, The biosynthesis of thyroxine, Mayo Clin. Proc., 39, 569 Thorpe-Beeston, 1991, Thyroid function in small for gestational age fetuses, Obstet. Gynecol., 77, 701 Tolcos, 2011, Intrauterine growth restriction affects the maturation of myelin, Exp. Neurol., 232, 53, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.002 Tolcos, 2017, Blocked, delayed, or obstructed: What causes poor white matter development in intrauterine growth restricted infants?, Prog. Neurobiol., 154, 62, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.009 Tolsa, 2004, Early alteration of structural and functional brain development in premature infants born with intrauterine growth restriction, Pediatr. Res., 56, 132, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000128983.54614.7E Tomar, 2012, Crystallographic study of novel transthyretin ligands exhibiting negative-cooperativity between two thyroxine binding sites, PLoS ONE, 7, e43522, 10.1371/journal.pone.0043522 Torchia, 1998, Co-activators and co-repressors in the integration of transcriptional responses, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 10, 373, 10.1016/S0955-0674(98)80014-8 Torkildsen, 2008, The cuprizone model for demyelination, Acta Neurol. Scand., 117, 72, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01036.x Toth, 2013, Species-specific lipophilicity of thyroid hormones and their precursors in view of their membrane transport properties, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 76, 112, 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.010 Trunnell, 1948, The effect of thyroid stimulating hormone on the function of human normal and malignant thyroid tissue, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 8, 598 Utiger, 1987, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin secretion, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 109, 327 Vancamp, 2020, Monocarboxylate transporter 8 deficiency: delayed or permanent hypomyelination?, Front. Endocrinol., 11 Vancamp, 2017, Deficiency of the thyroid hormone transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 in neural progenitors impairs cellular processes crucial for early corticogenesis, J. Neurosci., 37, 11616, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1917-17.2017 Vancamp, 2019, Gender-specific effects of transthyretin on neural stem cell fate in the subventricular zone of the adult mouse, Sci. Rep., 9, 19689, 10.1038/s41598-019-56156-w Verge, 2012, Diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA) in the treatment of MCT8 deficiency, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 97, 4515, 10.1210/jc.2012-2556 Visser, 1988, Deiodination of thyroid hormone by human liver, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 67, 17, 10.1210/jcem-67-1-17 Visser, 1982, Kinetic evidence suggesting two mechanisms for iodothyronine 5'-deiodination in rat cerebral cortex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 79, 5080, 10.1073/pnas.79.16.5080 Visser, 2011, Minireview: thyroid hormone transporters: the knowns and the unknowns, Mol. Endocrinol., 25, 1, 10.1210/me.2010-0095 Walters, 1981, Effects of altered thyroid states on myelinogenesis, J. Neurochem., 36, 1792, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00433.x Wardlaw, T.F.D., 2004. UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund and World Health Organisation. Warner, 2012, Thyroid hormone and the central control of homeostasis, J. Mol. Endocrinol., 49, R29, 10.1530/JME-12-0068 Wirth, 2017, Neuronal effects of thyroid hormone metabolites, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 458, 136, 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.007 Wixey, 2019, Neuropathology in intrauterine growth restricted newborn piglets is associated with glial activation and proinflammatory status in the brain, J. Neuroinf., 16, 5, 10.1186/s12974-018-1392-1 Wixey, 2011, Inhibition of neuroinflammation prevents injury to the serotonergic network after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat brain, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 70, 23, 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3182020b7b Wooliscroft, 2020, Phase I randomized trial of liothyronine for remyelination in multiple sclerosis: a dose-ranging study with assessment of reliability of visual outcomes, Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord, 41, 102015, 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102015 Yamauchi, 2001, Characterization of Xenopus cytosolic thyroid-hormone-binding protein (xCTBP) with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, Chem. Biol. Interact., 130–132, 309, 10.1016/S0009-2797(00)00274-X Younes-Rapozo, 2006, Thyroid hormone deficiency changes the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin markers during oligodendroglial differentiation in vitro, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 24, 445, 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.08.004 Zada, 2014, Altered behavioral performance and live imaging of circuit-specific neural deficiencies in a zebrafish model for psychomotor retardation, PLoS Genet., 10, e1004615, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004615 Zhang, 2015, Thyroid hormone alleviates demyelination induced by cuprizone through its role in remyelination during the remission period, Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 240, 1183, 10.1177/1535370214565975