Role of the immune system and possible mechanisms in COVID-19 vaccine-induced thyroiditis: Case report and literature review

Bostan, 2021, Two important issues in subacute thyroiditis management: delayed diagnosis and inappropriate use of antibiotics, European Thyroid Journal, 1 Görges, 2020, Long-term outcome of subacute thyroiditis, Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 128, 703, 10.1055/a-0998-8035 Coperchini, 2021, Modulation of ACE-2 mRNA by inflammatory cytokines in human thyroid cells: a pilot study, Endocrine, 74, 638, 10.1007/s12020-021-02807-w Reismann, 2021, Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis, Pract. Clin. Endocrinol., 171, 10.1007/978-3-030-62011-0_16 Brancatella, 2020, Is subacute thyroiditis an underestimated manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Insights from a case series, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 105, e3742, 10.1210/clinem/dgaa537 Ruggeri, 2021, Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: an endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, Hormones (Basel), 20, 219, 10.1007/s42000-020-00230-w Siolos, 2021, Thyroiditis following vaccination against COVID-19: report of two cases and review of the literature, Metabolism open, 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100136 Bril, 2021, Autoimmune hepatitis developing after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: causality or casualty?, J Hepatol, 75, 222, 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.003 Ghielmetti, 2021, Acute autoimmune-like hepatitis with atypical anti-mitochondrial antibody after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: a novel clinical entity?, J Autoimmun, 123, 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102706 Vuille-Lessard, 2021, Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, J Autoimmun, 123, 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102710 2021, Two cases of graves' disease following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: an autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, Thyroid, 31, 1436, 10.1089/thy.2021.0142 Patrizio, 2021, A case of Graves' disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, J Autoimmun, 125, 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102738 İremli, 2021, Three cases of subacute thyroiditis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: post-vaccination ASIA syndrome, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 10.1210/clinem/dgab373 Jeeyavudeen, 2021, COVID-19 vaccine-associated subacute thyroiditis: an unusual suspect for de Quervain's thyroiditis, BMJ Case Reports CP, 14 Vojdani, 2021, Reaction of human monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 proteins with tissue antigens: implications for autoimmune diseases, Front Immunol, 11, 3679, 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617089 Watad, 2017, Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants and thyroid autoimmunity, Front Endocrinol, 7, 150, 10.3389/fendo.2016.00150 Das, 2021, Post-COVID-vaccine autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome in response to adjuvants (ASIA syndrome) manifesting as subacute thyroiditis, J Endocrinol Invest, 1 Murvelashvili, 2021, A case of hypophysitis following immunization with the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, J Invest Med High Impact Case Rep., 9 Shoenfeld, 2011, ‘ASIA’–autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, J Autoimmun, 36, 4, 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.07.003 Stasiak, 2020, Subacute thyroiditis is associated with HLA-B* 18: 01,-DRB1* 01 and-C* 04: 01—the significance of the new molecular background, J Clin Med, 9, 534, 10.3390/jcm9020534 Stasiak, 2019, The risk of recurrence of subacute thyroiditis is HLA-dependent, Int J Mol Sci, 20, 1089, 10.3390/ijms20051089 Kojima, 2002, Cellular composition of subacute thyroiditis. an immunohistochemical study of six cases, Pathol Res Pract, 198, 833, 10.1078/0344-0338-00344 Oyibo, 2021, Subacute thyroiditis after receiving the adenovirus-vectored vaccine for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Cureus, 13 Şahin Tekin, 2021, Subacute thyroiditis following COVID-19 vaccination in a 67-year-old male patient: a case report, Hum Vaccines Immunother, 1 Saygılı, 2021, Subacute thyroiditis after inactive SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BMJ Case Reports CP, 14 Soltanpoor, 2021, Subacute thyroiditis following COVID‐19 vaccination, Clin Case Rep, 9, 10.1002/ccr3.4812 Siolos, 2021, Thyroiditis following vaccination against COVID-19: report of two cases and review of the literature, Metabolism open, 12, 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100136 Bahl, 2021, Sub-acute thyroiditis presenting as pyrexia of uknown origin, J Endocr. Soc., 5, A956, 10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1953 Bornemann, 2021, Case report: two cases of subacute thyroiditis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, Front Med, 8, 10.3389/fmed.2021.737142 Ratnayake, 2021, Can COVID‐19 immunisation cause subacute thyroiditis?, Clin Endocrinol Schimmel, 2021, Letter to the editor: thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis after the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, Thyroid, 31, 1440, 10.1089/thy.2021.0184 Patel, 2021, Subacute thyroiditis secondary to moderna COVID-19 vaccine: a case report of a rare manifestation, Adv Clin Med Res Healthc Deliv, 1, 9 Plaza-Enriquez, 2021, A case report of subacute thyroiditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, Case Rep Endocrinol., 10.1155/2021/8952048 Vera-Lastra, 2021, Two cases of Graves' disease following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: an autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, Thyroid, 10.1089/thy.2021.0142 Lee, 2021, Thyrotoxicosis after COVID-19 vaccination: seven case reports and a literature review, Endocrine, 74, 470, 10.1007/s12020-021-02898-5