Role of the gut in shock and resuscitation

Andersen, 1987, Presence of circulating endotoxins during cardiac operations, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 93, 115, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)36483-9 Antonsson, 1990, Validation of tonometric measurement of gut intramural pH during endotoxemia and mesenteric occlusion in pigs, American Journal of Physiology, 259, G519 Bennion, 1984, Early portal anaerobic bacteremia in mesenteric ischemia, Archives of Surgery, 119, 151, 10.1001/archsurg.1984.01390140017003 Berg, 1985, Bacterial translocation from the intestines, Experimental Animals, 34, 1, 10.1538/expanim1978.34.1_1 Bolen, 1984, Tissue oxygenation and splanchnic blood flow, 143 Brigham, 1986, Endotoxin and lung injury, American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 133, 913 Buchman, 1989, The development of multiple organ failure in swine following splanchnic ischemia in response to cardiogenic shock, Gastroenterology, 96, A23 Bulkley, 1988, Vasoactive humoral mediators and the splanchnic circulation in shock, Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 264, 91 Bulkley, 1986, Collateral blood flow in segmental intestinal ischemia: effects of vasoactive agents, Surgery, 100, 157 Cahill, 1983, Prevention of postoperative renal failure in patients with objective jaundice—the role of bile salts, British Journal of Surgery, 70, 590, 10.1002/bjs.1800701008 Carrico, 1986, Multiple-organ-failure syndrome, Archives of Surgery, 121, 196, 10.1001/archsurg.1986.01400020082010 Coraim, 1985, Positive hemodynamics in post-cardiac modification surgery by hemofiltration surgical patients. An improved method for representation of myocardialdepressant factor in haemofiltrate, Anaesthetist, 34, 236 Cuevas, 1973, Production of fatal endotoxic shock by vasoactive substances, Gastroenterology, 64, 285, 10.1016/S0016-5085(73)80040-X Deitch, 1990, Selective decontamination of the gut—is it enough?, Critical Care Medicine, 18, 1043, 10.1097/00003246-199009000-00026 Deitch, 1987, Effect of stress and trauma on bacterial translocation from the gut, Journal of Surgical Research, 42, 536, 10.1016/0022-4804(87)90029-1 Deitch, 1987, Endotoxin promotes the translocation of bacteria from the gut, Archives of Surgery, 122, 185, 10.1001/archsurg.1987.01400140067008 Driks, 1987, Nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients given sucralfate as compared with antacids or histamine type 2 blockers. The role of gastric colonization, New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1376, 10.1056/NEJM198711263172204 Doglio, 1990, Predictive value of stomach mucosal pH in ICU patients, Chest, 98, 254S Fabian, 1988, Bacteremia following traumatic shock, Circulatory Shock, 24, 278 Fiddian-Green, 1988, Splanchnic ischemia and multiple organ failure in the critically ill, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 70, 128 Fiddian-Green, 1989, Studies in splanchnic ischemia and multiple organ failure, 349 Fiddian-Green, 1989, Stress ulceration: a focal manifestation of non-occlusive ischemia, 55 Fiddian-Green, 1990, Gut mucosal ischemia during cardiac surgery, Seminars in Cardiovascular Surgery, 2, 1 Fiddian-Green, 1991, Should measurements of tissue pH and PO2 be included in the routine monitoring of ICU patients?, Critical Care Medicine, 19, 141, 10.1097/00003246-199102000-00004 Fiddian-Green, 1987, Predictive value of stomach wall pH for complications after cardiac operations; a comparison with other monitoring, Critical Care Medicine, 15, 153, 10.1097/00003246-198702000-00015 Fiddian-Green RG & Baker S Nosocomial pneumonia in the critically ill: product of aspiration or gastrointestinal translocation. Critical Care Medicine 19: 763–769. Fiddian-Green, 1987, Transient episodes of sigmoid ischemia and their relation to infection from intestinal organisms after abdominal aortic operations, Critical Care Medicine, 15, 835, 10.1097/00003246-198709000-00007 Fiddian-Green, 1982, Back diffusion of CO2 and its influence on the intramural pH in gastric mucosa, Journal of Surgical Research, 33, 39, 10.1016/0022-4804(82)90007-5 Fiddian-Green, 1983, Predictive value of intramural pH and other risk factors for massive bleeding from stress ulceration, Gastroenterology, 85, 613, 10.1016/0016-5085(83)90016-1 Fiddian-Green, 1986, The prediction of the development of sigmoid ischemia on the day of aortic surgery from indirect measurements of intramural pH on the colon, Archives of Surgery, 121, 654, 10.1001/archsurg.1986.01400060048005 Fiddian-Green, 1987, Predictive value of transient episodes of gut ischemia for death after cardiac and aortic operations, 2, 447 Fiddian-Green, 1989, Chronic gastric ischemia: a cause of chronic abdominal pain identified from the presence of acidosis in the wall of the stomach, Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery, 30, 852 Fink, 1989, Care of the gut in the critically ill, 377 Fink, 1989, Effect of lipopolysaccharide on intestinal intramucosal hydrogen ion concentration in pigs: evidence of gut ischemia in normodynamic model of septic shock, Critical Care Medicine, 17, 641, 10.1097/00003246-198907000-00009 Fink, 1989, Systemic and mesenteric O2 metabolism in endotoxin pigs: effect of ibuprofen and meclofenamate, Journal of Applied Physiology, 67, 1950, 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1950 Fink, 1991, Etiology of increased intestinal permeability in endotoxin pigs: limited role for mesenteric hypoperfusion, Archives of Surgery, 126, 211, 10.1001/archsurg.1991.01410260101014 Fink, 1991, Maintenance of superior mesenteric arterial perfusion prevents increased intestinal mucosal permeability in endotoxic pigs, Surgery, 110, 154 Granger, 1984, Microvascular control of intestinal oxygenation, 261 Grum, 1984, Adequacy of tissue oxygenation in intact dog intestine, Journal of Applied Physiology, 56, 1065, 10.1152/jappl.1984.56.4.1065 Gutierrez, 1990, Distribution of blood flow in the critically ill patient, 127 Gys, 1988, The prognostic value of gastric intramural pH in surgical intensive care patients, Critical Care Medicine, 16, 1222, 10.1097/00003246-198812000-00009 Haglund, 1988, The splanchnic organs as the source of toxic mediators in shock, Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 264, 135 Haglund, 1989, Assessment of adequate tissue oxygenation in shock and critical illness: oxygen transport in sepsis, Intensive Care Medicine, 15, 475, 10.1007/BF00255606 Haglund, 1984, The small bowel in arterial hypotension and shock, 305 Haglund, 1987, On the pathophysiology of intestinal injury, Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica, 153, 321 Haglund, 1990, Intraluminal pancreatic proteases and intestinal mucosal injury during ischemia and reperfusion, Circulatory Shock, 31, 36 Hartmann M, Montgomery A, Jonsson K & Haglund U (in press) Tissue oxygenation inhemorrhagic shock measured as transcutaneous oxygen tension, subcutaneous oxygen tensions and gastrointestinal pHi. An experimental study in pigs. Critical Care Medicine. Heard, 1991, Gastric tonometry in healthy volunteers: effect of ranitidine on calculated intramural pH, Critical Care Medicine, 19, 271, 10.1097/00003246-199102000-00025 Hunt, 1987, Tissue oximetry: an interim report, World Journal of Surgery, 11, 126, 10.1007/BF01656394 Kittila, 1991, Visceral and peripheral tissue perfusion after cardiac surgery, Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 25, 57, 10.3109/14017439109098084 Landow, 1990, Correlation between gastric intramucosal pH, hepatic venous lactate and oxygen saturation Lefer, 1989 Levin, 1970, Detection of endotoxin in human blood and demonstration of an inhibitor, Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 75, 903 Lillehei, 1957, The intestinal factor in irreversible hemorrhagic shock, Surgery, 42, 1043 McClelland, 1990, Reducing sepsis in severe combined acute renal and respiratory failure by selective decontamination of the digestive tract, Critical Care Medicine, 18, 935, 10.1097/00003246-199009000-00006 Miller, 1989, Splanchnic ischemia as a cause of immunological disturbances, 237 Montgomery, 1989, Intramucosal pH measurement with tonometers for detecting gastrointestinal ischemia in porcine hemorrhagic shock, Circulatory Shock, 29, 319 Morris, 1990, Endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor activity production by equine peritoneal macrophages, Circulatory Shock, 30, 229 Nelson, 1987, Systemic and intestinal limits of O2 extraction in the dog, Journal of Applied Physiology, 63, 387, 10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.387 Ohman, 1984, The effects of luminal distension and obstruction of the intestinal circulation, 321 Palizas, 1990, Transcript of workshop on ‘Tonometrically measured gut pH as an index of tissue oxygenation’ Papa, 1983, The effect of ischemia of the dog's colon on transmural migration of bacterial and endotoxin, Journal of Surgical Research, 35, 264, 10.1016/S0022-4804(83)80013-4 Parks, 1982, Ischemic injury in the cat small intestine: role of superoxide radicals, Gastroenterology, 82, 9, 10.1016/0016-5085(82)90115-9 Poole, 1987, Hemodynamic basis of the pain of chronic mesenteric ischemia, American Journal of Surgery, 153, 171, 10.1016/0002-9610(87)90809-9 Porter, 1989, Splanchnic vasospasm in circulatory shock, 73 Richardson, 1984, Pharmacology of intestinal blood flow and oxygen uptake, 393 Schiedler, 1987, Sigmoid intramural pH for prediction of ischemic colitis during aortic surgery, Archives of Surgery, 122, 881, 10.1001/archsurg.1987.01400200031004 Shoemaker, 1988, Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients, Chest, 94, 1176, 10.1378/chest.94.6.1176 Shoemaker, 1988, Tissue oxygen debt as a determinant of lethal and nonlethal postoperative organ failure, Critical Care Medicine, 16, 117, 10.1097/00003246-198811000-00007 Shute, 1977, Effect of intraluminal oxygen on endotoxin absorption in experimental occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, Gut, 18, 567, 10.1136/gut.18.7.567 Sori, 1988, The gut as source of sepsis after haemorrhagic shock, American Journal of Surgery, 155, 185, 10.1016/S0002-9610(88)80691-3 Stoutenbeek, 1984, The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on colonization and infection rate in multiple trauma patients, Intensive Care Medicine, 10, 185, 10.1007/BF00259435 Taylor, 1986, Pulsatile perfusion, 85 Taylor, 1979, Role of angiotensin II in the development of peripheral vasoconstriction during cardiopulmonary bypass, Cardiovascular Research, 13, 269, 10.1093/cvr/13.5.269 Wells, 1989, Bacterial translocation, 195 Zeigler, 1990, Prevention of death from gram negative bacteremia and sepsis by HA-1A, human monoclonal antibody specific for lipid A of endotoxin: results of phase III trial, Clinical Research, 38, 304A