Role of surgical factors in strokes after cardiac surgery

Roach, 1996, Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators, N Engl J Med, 335, 1857, 10.1056/NEJM199612193352501 McKhann, 2006, Stroke and encephalopathy after cardiac surgery: an update, Stroke, 37, 562, 10.1161/01.STR.0000199032.78782.6c Heyer, 1996, Neurologic assessment and cardiac surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 10, 99, 10.1016/S1053-0770(96)80184-4 Isgro, 1997, A predictive parameter in patients with brain related complications after cardiac surgery?, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 11, 640, 10.1016/S1010-7940(96)01089-5 Jonsson, 2001, S100B as a predictor of size and outcome of stroke after cardiac surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 71, 1433, 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02612-6 Murkin, 1987, Cerebral autoregulation and flow/metabolism coupling during cardiopulmonary bypass: the influence of PaCO2, Anesth Analg, 66, 825, 10.1213/00000539-198709000-00003 Grogan, 2008, Brain protection in cardiac surgery, Anesthesiol Clin, 26, 521, 10.1016/j.anclin.2008.03.003 Hogue, 2008, Mechanisms of cerebral injury from cardiac surgery, Crit Care Clin, 24, 83, 10.1016/j.ccc.2007.09.004 Gold, 1995, Improvement of outcomes after coronary artery bypass. A randomized trial comparing intraoperative high versus low mean arterial pressure, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 110, 1302, 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70053-6 Ji, 2007, Comparison of perfusion modes on microcirculation during acute and chronic cardiac support: is there a difference?, Perfusion, 22, 115, 10.1177/0267659107080115 Undar, 2004, Myths and truths of pulsatile and nonpulsatile perfusion during acute and chronic cardiac support, Artif Organs, 28, 439, 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2004.00086.x Shepard, 1966, Energy equivalent pressure, Arch Surg, 93, 730, 10.1001/archsurg.1966.01330050034005 Undar, 2002, The ABCs of research on pulsatile versus nonpulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass, Med Sci Monit, 8, ED21 Wright, 1988, Computation of haemodynamic power and input impedance in the ascending aorta of patients undergoing open heart surgery, Cardiovasc Res, 22, 179, 10.1093/cvr/22.3.179 Potapov, 2000, Pulsatile flow in patients with a novel nonpulsatile implantable ventricular assist device, Circulation, 102, 10.1161/circ.102.suppl_3.III-183 Boishardy, 1994, Value of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the management of severe head injuries, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 13, 172, 10.1016/S0750-7658(05)80549-0 Undar, 2005, Benefits of pulsatile flow during and after cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, Artif Organs, 29, 688, 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2005.02005.x James, 1987, The roller pump does produce pulsatile flow, J Extra Corpor Technol, 19, 376 Undar, 1998, The type of aortic cannula and membrane oxygenator affect the pulsatile waveform morphology produced by a neonate-infant cardiopulmonary bypass system in vivo, Artif Organs, 22, 681, 10.1046/j.1525-1594.1998.06017.x Alghamdi, 2006, Pulsatile versus nonpulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass flow: an evidence-based approach, J Card Surg, 21, 347, 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2006.00269.x Murkin, 1995, A randomized study of the influence of perfusion technique and pH management strategy in 316 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery II. Neurologic and cognitive outcomes, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 110, 349, 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70230-X Karkouti, 2005, Low hematocrit during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with increased risk of perioperative stroke in cardiac surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 80, 1381, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.03.137 Nathan, 2001, Neuroprotective effect of mild hypothermia in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized trial, Circulation, 104, I85, 10.1161/hc37t1.094710 Ahonen, 2004, Brain injury after adult cardiac surgery, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 48, 4, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00275.x Mills, 1980, Massive air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Causes, prevention, and management, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 80, 708, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)37716-5 Barbut, 1997, Aortic atheroma is related to outcome but not numbers of emboli during coronary bypass, Ann Thorac Surg, 64, 454, 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)00523-7 Amarenco, 1992, The prevalence of ulcerated plaques in the aortic arch in patients with stroke, N Engl J Med, 326, 221, 10.1056/NEJM199201233260402 Reston, 2003, Meta-analysis of short-term and mid-term outcomes following off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, Ann Thorac Surg, 76, 1510, 10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01195-0 Parolari, 2003, Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass: meta-analysis of currently available randomized trials, Ann Thorac Surg, 76, 37, 10.1016/S0003-4975(03)00183-8 Shroyer, 2009, On-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery, N Engl J Med, 361, 1827, 10.1056/NEJMoa0902905 Van Dijk, 2002, Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial, JAMA, 287, 1405, 10.1001/jama.287.11.1405 Cheng, 2005, Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass? A meta-analysis of randomized trials, Anesthesiology, 102, 188, 10.1097/00000542-200501000-00028 Wimmer-Greinecker, 2003, Reduction of neurologic complications by intra-aortic filtration in patients undergoing combined intracardiac and CABG procedures, Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 23, 159, 10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00742-X Halkos, 2009, Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion via right axillary artery cannulation reduces morbidity and mortality after proximal aortic surgery, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 138, 1081, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.07.045 Taylor, 1999, Cerebral microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass: increased emboli during perfusionist interventions, Ann Thorac Surg, 68, 89, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00475-0 Kincaid, 2000, Processing scavenged blood with a cell saver reduces cerebral lipid microembolization, Ann Thorac Surg, 70, 1296, 10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01588-5 Djaiani, 2007, Continuous-flow cell saver reduces cognitive decline in elderly patients after coronary bypass surgery, Circulation, 116, 1888, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.698001 Anderson, 2000, The effect of cardiotomy suction on the brain injury marker S100beta after cardiopulmonary bypass, Ann Thorac Surg, 69, 847, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01526-X Jonsson, 1999, S100beta after coronary artery surgery: release pattern, source of contamination, and relation to neuropsychological outcome, Ann Thorac Surg, 68, 2202, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00851-6 Svenarud, 2004, Effect of CO2 insufflation on the number and behavior of air microemboli in open-heart surgery: a randomized clinical trial, Circulation, 109, 1127, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000118501.44474.83 Martens, 2008, Carbon dioxide field flooding reduces neurologic impairment after open heart surgery, Ann Thorac Surg, 85, 543, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.08.047 Giordano, 2009, Does the use of carbon dioxide field flooding during heart valve surgery prevent postoperative cerebrovascular complications?, Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 9, 323, 10.1510/icvts.2009.206177 Harris, 1993, Brain swelling in first hour after coronary artery bypass surgery, Lancet, 342, 586, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91412-F Gasque, 1995, Identification and characterization of the complement C5a anaphylatoxin receptor on human astrocytes, J Immunol, 155, 4882, 10.4049/jimmunol.155.10.4882 Baufreton, 2005, Brain injury and neuropsychological outcome after coronary artery surgery are affected by complement activation, Ann Thorac Surg, 79, 1597, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.08.061 Heyer, 2002, Heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuits reduce cognitive dysfunction, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 16, 37, 10.1053/jcan.2002.29659 Rubens, 2007, Interpreting studies of cognitive function following cardiac surgery: a guide for surgical teams, Perfusion, 22, 185, 10.1177/0267659107080943 Bruins, 1997, Activation of the complement system during and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: postsurgery activation involves C-reactive protein and is associated with postoperative arrhythmia, Circulation, 96, 3542, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.10.3542 Bruins, 2000, Heparin-protamine complexes and C-reactive protein induce activation of the classical complement pathway: studies in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and in vitro, Thromb Haemost, 84, 237, 10.1055/s-0037-1614002 Baufreton, 1997, Heparin coating with aprotinin reduces blood activation during coronary artery operations, Ann Thorac Surg, 63, 50, 10.1016/S0003-4975(96)00964-2 Baufreton, 1996, Clinical outcome after coronary surgery with heparin-coated extracorporeal circuits for cardiopulmonary bypass, Perfusion, 11, 437, 10.1177/026765919601100603 Ranucci, 2009, A systematic review of biocompatible cardiopulmonary bypass circuits and clinical outcome, Ann Thorac Surg, 87, 1311, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.09.076 Suojaranta-Ylinen, 2007, Improved neurologic outcome after implementing evidence-based guidelines for cardiac surgery, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 21, 529, 10.1053/j.jvca.2006.12.019