Role of psychotropic drug treatment in fibromyalgia
Inflammopharmacology - 1995
Tóm tắt
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a relatively common chronic painful condition predominately affecting women. A variety of pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed and several central and peripheral neurochemical abnormalities observed. Based on their multiple effects on both central and peripheral mechanisms, psychotropic drugs have been used to treat FM patients. This review examines the rationale for using such drugs, and critically, but constructively, appraises published therapeutic trials of psychotropic agents in the treatment of fibromyalgia.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Wolfe F, Cathey MA. Prevalence of primary and secondary fibrositis. J Rheumatol. 1983; 10:965.
Yunus MB, Masi AT. Juvenile primary flbromyalgia syndrome. A clinical study of thirty-three patients and matched normal controls. Arthritis Rheum. 1985;28:138–45.
Buskila D, Press J, Gedalia A, et al. Assessment of nonarticular tenderness and prevalence of fibromyalgia in children. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:368–70.
Hartz A, Kirchdorfer E. Undetected fibrositis in primary care practice. J Fam Pract. 1987;25:365.
Campbell SM, Clark S, Tindall EA et al. Clinical characteristics of flbrositis I. A blinded controlled study of symptoms and tender points. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:817.
Yunus MB, Masi AT, Calabro JJ, et al. Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal control. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1981.;11:151–71.
Muller W. The fibrositis syndrome: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and pathogenesis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1987;(Suppl 65):45–53.
Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R et al. Musculoskeletal symptoms and nonREM sleep disturbance in patients with ‘fibrositis’ syndrome and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med. 1975;37:341–51.
Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P. Induction of neurasthenic musculoskeletal pain syndrome by selective sleep state deprivation. Psychosom Med. 1976;38:35–44.
Russell IJ. Neurohormonal aspect of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989;15:149–68.
Yunus MB. Toward a model of pathophysiology of fibromyalgia: aberrant central pain mechanism with peripheral modulation. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:846–50.
Bennett RM. The origin of myopain: an integrated hypothesis of focal muscle changes and sleep disturbance in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 1993;1:95-l 12.
Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem. 1994;40:288–95.
Dowdall M, De Montigny D. Effect of atmospheric ions on hippocampal pyramidal neuron responsiveness to serotonin. Brain Res. 1985;342:103–9.
Vaeroy H, Helle R, Forre O et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta-endorphin in patients with fibrositis syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1988;15:1804–6.
Murphy RM, Zemlan FP. Differential effects of substance P on serotonin-modulated spinal nociceptive reflexes. Psychopharm (Berlin). 1987;93:118–21.
Helstrand K, Hermodsson S. Role of serotonin in the regulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity. J Immunol. 1987;139:869–75.
Houvenagel E, Forzy G, Cortet B, Vincent G. 5-Hydroxy-indolacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid in fibromyalgia.Arthritis Rheum. 1990; (Suppl 339):S55.
Russell IJ, Vaeroy H, Javors M, Nyberg F. Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:550–6.
Russell IJ, Vaeroy H, Javors M, Nyberg F. Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines in fibrositis/ fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1990; (Suppl 339): S55.
Russell IJ, Michalek J, Vipraio G. Serum amino acids concentration in fibrositis/fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1989; 16 (Suppl 19):158–63.
Yunus MB, Dailey JW, Masi T et al. Plasma tryptophan and other amino acids in primary fibromyalgia: a controlled study. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:90–4.
Russell IJ, Michalek J, Vipraio GA, Fletcher EM. Platelet3H-imipramine uptake receptor density and serum serotonin levels in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1992; 19:104–9.
Vaeroy H, Helle R, Forre O, Kasse E, Terenius L. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P and high incidence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in patients with fibromyalgia: new features for diagnosis. Pain. 1988;32:21–6.
Vaeroy H, Nyberg F, Terenius L. No evidence for endorphin deficiency in fibromyalgia following investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) dynorphin A and Met-enkephalin-Arg6 Phe7. Pain. 1991;46:139–3.
Hadler N, Rimon D, Kinarty A, Lahat N. Altered interleukin-2 secretion in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:866–72.
Ingram S, Nelson D, Porter J et al. An association of cold induced vasospasm and fibrositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30:513.
Vaeroy H, Qiao ZG, Morkid L, Oystein F. Altered sympathetic nervous system response in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:1460–5.
Bennett RM, Clark SR, Campbell SM, et al. Symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome in patients with fibromyalgia: a study utilizing the Nielsen test, digital photoplethysmography and measurements of platelet alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:264–9.
Lafferty K, Traffard JC, Potter C et al. Reflex vascular responses in the finger to contralateral thermal stimuli during the normal menstrual cycle: a humoral basis to Raynaud’s phenomenon? Clin Sci 1985;68:637–45.
Van Denderen JC, Boersma JW, Zeinstra P, Hollander AP, van Neerbos BR. Psychological effects of exhaustive physical exercise in primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS): Is PFS a disorder of neuroendocrine reactivity? Scand J Rheumatol 1992;21:35–7.
McCain GA. Nonmedicinal treatments in primary fibromyalgia. In: Bennett RM, Goldenberg DL, eds. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. The fibromyalgia syndrome. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1989;15:73–90.
Tilbe K, Bell DA, McCain GA. Loss of diurnal variation in serum cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:4.
Ferraccioli G, Cavalieri F, Salaffi F et al. Neuroendocrine findings in primary fibromyalgia and in other chronic rheumatic conditions. J Rheumatol. 1990;17:869–73.
Neeck G, Riedel W. Thyroid function in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:1120–2.
Griep EN, Boersma JW, de Cloet ER. Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:469–74.
Bennett RM, Clark SR, Campbell SM et al. Low level of somatomedin-C in fibromyalgia. A neuroendocrine defect involving the sleep related secretion of growth hormone. Scand J Rheumatol. 1992;(Suppl 94):35.
Bennett RM, Clark SR, Campbell SM, Burckhardt CS. Low somatomedin-C levels in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:S188.
Moldofsky H. The contribution of sleep-wake physiology to fibromyalgia. In: Fricton JR, Awad E, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1990;17:227–40.
Anch AM, Lue FA, MacLean AW, Moldofsky H. Sleep physiology aspects of the fibrositis (fibromyalgia) syndrome. Can J Psychol 1991; 45:179–84.
Goldenberg DL. Psychological symptoms and psychiatric diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1989; 16 (Suppl 19):127–30.
Yunus MB, Ahles TA, Aldag JC, Masi T. Relationship of clinical features with psychological status in primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:15–21.
Russell IJ, Fletcher EM, Michalek J, McBroom PC. Treatment of primary fibrositis/fibromyalgia with ibuprofen and alprazolam: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:552–60.
Carette S, Bell M, Reynolds J, et al. Comparison of amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine and placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:32–40.
Gerecz-Simon EM, Kean WF, Buchanan WW, Heale J-A. Statistical correlative study of outcome measures in fibromyalgia: evidence that anxiolytic therapy has no therapeutic benefit. Scand J Rheumatol. 1992;(Suppl 94):52.
Granges G, Littlejohn G. Pressure pain threshold in pain-free subjects, in patients with chronic regional pain syndromes, and in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:642–6.
Torebjork HE, Lundberg LER, Lamotte RH. Central changes in processing of mechanoreceptive input in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in humans. J Physiol. 1992;448:765–80.
Bennett RM, Clark SR, Goldberg L, et al. Aerobic fitness in patients with fibrositis. A controlled study of respiratory gas exchange and 133 xenon clearance from exercising muscle. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32:454–60.
Backman E, Bengtsson A, Bengtsson M et al. Skeletal muscle function in primary fibromyalgia. Effect of regional sympathetic blockade with guanethidine. Acta Neurol Scand. 1988;77:187–91.
Bengtsson A, Bengtsson M. Regional sympathetic blockade in primary fibromyalgia. Pain. 1988;33:161–7.
Lund N, Bengtsson A, Thorborg P. Muscle tissue oxygen pressure in primary fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1986;15:165–73.
Bengtsson M, Henriksson KG. The muscle in fibromyalgia. A review of Swedish studies. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(Suppl 19):144–9.
Bengtsson A, Henriksson KG, Larson J. Reduced high energy phosphate levels in the painful muscles of patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:817–21.
Bach-Andersen R, Jacobsen S; Danneskiold-Samsoe B et al. New diagnostic tools in primary fibromyalgia. In:Fricton JR, Awad EA, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1990;17:269–76.
Frey LD, Locher JT, Hrycaj P, et al. Determination of regional rate of glucose metabolism in lumbar muscles in patients with generalized tendomyopathy using dynamic18 F-FDG PET. Z Rheumatol. 1992;51:238–42.
Krapf MW, Muller S, Mennet P, et al. Recording muscle spasm in the musculus erector spinae using in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectoscopy in patients with chronic lumbalgia and generalized tendomyopathies. Z Rheumatol. 1992;51:229–37.
Simms RW, Roy SH, Hrovat M, et al. Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:794–800.
Zidar J, Backman E, Bengtsson A. Quantitative EMG and muscle tension in painful muscles in fibromyalgia. Pain. 1990;40:249–54.
Elam M, Johansson G, Wallin BG. Do patients with primary fibromyalgia have an altered muscle sympathetic nerve activity? Pain. 1992;48:371–5.
Mengshoel AM, Forre O, Komnaes HB. Muscle strength and aerobic capacity in primary fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990;8:475–9.
Jacobsen D, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Andersen RB. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia. Double-blind clinical evaluation. Scand J Rheumatol. 1991;20:294–302.
Jubrias SA, Bennett RM, Klug GA. Increased incidence in the phosphodiester region of31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in the skeletal muscle of fibromyalgia patients. Arthr Rheum. 1994;37:801–7.
Sheon RP, Moskowitz RW, Goldberg VM. Intralesional soft tissue injection technique. In: Soft Tissue Rheumatic Pain: Recognition, Management, Prevention. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1987;293.
Bengtsson M, Bengtsson A, Jorfeldt L. Diagnostic epidural opioid blockade in primary fibromyalgia at rest and during exercise. Pain. 1989;39:171–80.
Goldenberg DL. Do infections trigger fibromyalgia? Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1489–92.
Yunus MB, Masi AT, Aldag JC. Short term effects of ibuprofen in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:527–32.
Clark S, Tindall E, Bennett RM. A double blind crossover trial of prednisone versus placebo in the treatment of fibrositis. J Rheumatol. 1985; 12:980–3.
McCain GA, Bell DA, Mai FM et al. A controlled study of the effects of a supervised cardiovascular fitness training program on the manifestations of primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:1135–41.
Ferracioli GF, Fontana S, Scita F, Chirelli L, Nolli M. EMG-biofeedback in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:1013–4.
Goldenberg DL, Kaplan KH, Nadeau MG. The impact of cognitive behavioral therapy on fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1991; 34 (Suppl 9):S190.
Nielson WR, Walker C, McCain GA. Cognitive behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: preliminary findings. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:98–103.
Bennett RM, Campbell S, Buckhard C, et al. The contemporary management of fibromyalgia: a multidisciplinary approach. J Musculoskel Dis. 1991;8:21–32.
Kocher R. Use of psychotropic drugs for the treatment of chronic severe pain. In: Bonica JJ, Albe-Fessard D, eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy. Vol 1. New York: Raven Press; 1976:579–82.
Hameroff SR, Cork RC, Scherer K. Doxepine effects on chronic pain, depression and plasma opioids. J Clin Psychiatr. 1982;43:22–7.
Feinman C. Pain relief by antidepressants: possible mode of action. Pain. 1985;23:l-8.
Gershon S. Chronic pain: hypothesized mechanism and rationale for treatment. Neuropsychobiology. 1986;15(Suppl 1):22–7.
Edelbroek PM, Linssen ACG, Zitman FG et al. Analgesic and antidepressive effects of low-dose amitriptyline in relation to its metabolism in patients with chronic pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986;39:156–61.
Leijon G, Boivie J. Central post-stroke pain -a controlled trial of amitriptyline and carbamazepine. Pain. 1989;36:27–36.
Watson CPN, Evans RJ. A comparative trial of amitriptyline and zimelidine in post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain. 1985;23:387–94.
Baldessarini RJ. Drug and treatment of psychiatric disorders. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A, eds. The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: MacMillan; 1985;413–23.
Eberhard G, Von Knorring L, Nilsson HL, et al. A double-blind randomized study of clomipramine versus maprotiline in patients with idiopathic pain syndromes. Neuropsychobiology. 1988;19:25–34.
Loldrup D, Langemark M, Hansen HJ, et al. Clomipramine and mianserin in chronic idiopathic pain syndrome: a placebo controlled study. Psychopharmacology. 1989;99:l-7.
Onghena P, Van Houdenhove B. Antidepressant-induced analgesia in chronic non-malignant pain: a meta-analysis of 39 placebo controlled studies. Pain. 1992;49:205–19.
Carette S, McCain GA, Bell DA, Fam AG. Evaluation of amitriptyline in primary fibrositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:655–9.
Goldenberg DL, Felson D, Dinnerman H. A randomized controlled trial of amitriptyline and naproxen in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:1371–7.
Scudds RA, McCain GA, Rollman GB, Hart M. Improvements in pain responsiveness in patients with fibrositis after successful treatment with amitriptyline. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(Suppl 19):98–103.
Jaeschke R, Adachi J, Guyatt G, et al. Clinical usefulness of amitriptyline in fibromyalgia. The results of 23 N-of-1 randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol 1991;18:447–51.
Bennett RM, Gatter RA, Campbell SM, et al. A comparison of cyclobenzaprine and placebo in the management of fibrositis. A double-blind controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:1535–42.
Quimby LG, Gratwick GM, Whitney CD et al. A randomized trial of cyclobenzaprine for the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1989;19:140–3.
Reynolds WJ, Moldofsky H, Saskin P, Lue FA. The effects of cyclobenzaprine on sleep physiology and symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:452–4.
Santandrea S, Montrone F, Sarzi Puttini P, Boccassini L. A double-blind crossover study of two cyclobenzaprine regimes in primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1993;21:74–80.
Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini PC, Boccassini L et al. A double-blind study of dothiepin versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1987;15:154–9.
Kravitz HM, Katz RS, Helmke N et al. Alprazolam and ibuprofen in the treatment of fibromyalgia — Report of a double-blind placebo controlled study. J Musculoskel Pain. 1994;2:3–27.
Drewes AM, Andreasen A, Jennum P, Nielsen KD. Zopiclone in the treatment of sleep abnormalities in fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1991;20:288–93.
Gronblad M, Nykanen J, Konttinen Y et al. Effect of zopiclon on sleep quality, morning stiffness, widespread tenderness and pain and general discomfort in primary fibromyalgia patients. A double-blind randomized trial. Clin Rheumatol. 1993; 12:186–91.
Vaeroy H, Abrahansen A, Forre O, Kasse E. Treatment of fibromyalgia (fibrositis syndrome): a parallel double-blind trial with carisoprodol, paracetamol and caffeine (Somadril comp.) versus placebo. Clin Rheumatol. 1989;8:245–50.
Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini PC, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1990;18:201–9.
Pattrick M, Swannell A, Doherty M. Chlormezanone in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32:55–8.
Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users’ guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAMA. 1993;270:2598–601.
Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users’ guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JAMA. 1994;271:59–63.
Rang HP, Dale MM. Drugs used in affective disorders. In: Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1987.
Messing RB, Lytle LD. Serotonin-containing neurons: their possible role in pain and analgesia. Pain. 1977;4:1–21.
Sulser F. Mode of action of antidepressant drugs. J Clin Psychiatr. 1983;44:14–20.
Moldofsky H, Lue FA. The relationship of alpha and delta EEG frequencies to pain and mood in fibrositis patients treated with chlorpromazine and L-tryptophan. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980;50:71–80.
Obal F, Benedek G, Lelkes Z et al. Effects of acute and chronic treatment with amitriptyline on the sleep-wake activity of rats. Neuropharmacol 1985;24;223–9.
Spiegel K, Kalb R, Pasternak GW. Analgesic activity of tricyclic antidepressants. Ann Neurol. 1983;13:462–5.
Taiwo YO, Fabian A, Pazoles CJ, Fields HL. Potentiation of morphine antinociception by monoamine reuptake inhibitors in the rat spinal cord. Pain. 1985;21:329–37.
Basbaum AI, Fields HL. Endogenous pain control systems: brain stem spinal pathways and endorphin. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1984;7:309–38.
Butler SH, Weil-Fugazza J, Godefroy F, Besson JM. Reduction of arthritis and pain behaviour following chronic administration of amitriptyline or imipramine in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Pain. 1985;23:159–75.
Van Houdenhove B. Interpersonal and psychodynamic links between pain and depression. Eur J Psychiatr. 1991;5:177–85.
Barnes CD, Fung SJ, Gintautas J. Brain stem noradrenergic system depression by cyclobenzaprine. Neuropharmacology. 1980;19:221–4.
Littlejohn G, Weinstein C, Helme RD. Increased neurogenic inflammation in fibrositis syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1987;14:1022–5.
Bibolotti E, Borghi C, Paculli E. The management of fibrositis: a double-blind comparison of maprotiline, chlomipramine and placebo. Clin Trials J. 1986;23:269–80.
Simms RW, Felson DT, Goldenberg DL. Development of preliminary criteria for response to treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:1558–63.
Russell IJ, Bowden CL, Michalek J, Fletcher E. Imipramine receptor density on platelets of patients with fibrositis syndrome: correlation with disease severity and response to therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30:S63.
Rigal J. Neurophysiological study in man of the myolytic action of chlormezanone. Inform Ther. 1968;6:35–40.
Ganz SE. Clinical evaluation of a new muscle relaxant (Chlormezanon). J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1959;52:1134–6.
Tavoni A, Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Pasero G. Evaluation of S-adenosylmethionine in primary fibromyalgia. Am J Med. 1987;(Suppl 5A) 83:107–10.
Chase TN, Murphy DL. Serotonin and central nervous system function. Ann Rev Pharmacol. 1973;13:181–97.
Wolfe F, Cathey MA, Hawley DJ. A double blind placebo controlled trial of fluoxetine in fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1994;23:255–9.
Cortet B, Houvenagel E, Forzy G, Vincent G. Fluoxetine in fibromyalgia. Revue Rhumat Maladies Osteo-Articulaires. 1992;59:497–500.
Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:160–72.
Bellamy N. Musculoskeletal Clinical Metrology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1993:185–7, 245–51, 348, 356–7.
Bellamy N, Bell MJ, Carette S et al. Estimation of observer reliability and sample size calculation parameters for outcome measures in fibromyalgia clinical trials. Inflammopharmacology. 1994;2:345–60.