Role of infectious agents in the carcinogenesis of brain and head and neck cancers

Infectious Agents and Cancer - Tập 8 Số 1 - 2013
Ken Alibek1, Ainur Kakpenova1, Yeldar Baiken1
1Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan

Tóm tắt

AbstractThis review concentrates on tumours that are anatomically localised in head and neck regions. Brain cancers and head and neck cancers together account for more than 873,000 cases annually worldwide, with an increasing incidence each year. With poor survival rates at late stages, brain and head and neck cancers represent serious conditions. Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process and the role of infectious agents in this progression has not been fully identified. A major problem with such research is that the role of many infectious agents may be underestimated due to the lack of or inconsistency in experimental data obtained globally. In the case of brain cancer, no infection has been accepted as directly oncogenic, although a number of viruses and parasites are associated with the malignancy. Our analysis of the literature showed the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in distinct types of brain tumour, namely glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and medulloblastoma. In particular, there are reports of viral protein in up to 100% of GBM specimens. Several epidemiological studies reported associations of brain cancer and toxoplasmosis seropositivity. In head and neck cancers, there is a distinct correlation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Considering that almost every undifferentiated NPC is EBV-positive, virus titer levels can be measured to screen high-risk populations. In addition there is an apparent association between human papilloma virus (HPV) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); specifically, 26% of HNSCCs are positive for HPV. HPV type 16 was the most common type detected in HNSCCs (90%) and its dominance is even greater than that reported in cervical carcinoma. Although there are many studies showing an association of infectious agents with cancer, with various levels of involvement and either a direct or indirect causative effect, there is a scarcity of articles covering the role of infection in carcinogenesis of brain and head and neck cancers. We review recent studies on the infectious origin of these cancers and present our current understanding of carcinogenic mechanisms, thereby providing possible novel approaches to cancer treatment.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

GLOBOCAN: 2008,http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/populations/factsheet.asp?uno=900#BOTH,

Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW, Kleihues P: The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2007, 114 (2): 97-109. 10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4.

Taylor JC, Terrell JE, Ronis DL, et al: Disability in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004, 130 (6): 764-769. 10.1001/archotol.130.6.764.

Takes RP, Rinaldo A, Silver CE, Piccirillo JF, Haigentz M, Suárez C, Van der Poorten V, Hermans R, Rodrigo JP, Devaney KO, Ferlito A: Future of the TNM classification and staging system in head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2010, 32 (12): 1693-1711. 10.1002/hed.21361.

O’Sullivan B, Shah J: New TNM staging criteria for head and neck tumors. Semin Surg Oncol. 2003, 21 (1): 30-42. 10.1002/ssu.10019.

Tateda M, Shiga K, Saijo S, Sone M, Hori T, Yokoyama J, et al: Streptococcus anginosus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: implication in carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Med. 2000, 6: 699-703.

Vittecoq M, Elguero E, Lafferty KD, Roche B, Brodeur J, Gauthier-Clerc M, et al: Brain cancer mortality rates increase with Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in France. Infect Genet Evol. 2012, 12: 496-498. 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.013.

Blaheta RA, Weich E, Marian D, Bereiter-Hahn J, Jones J, Jonas D, et al: Human cytomegalovirus infection alters PC3 prostate carcinoma cell adhesion to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix. Neoplasia. 2006, 8: 807-816. 10.1593/neo.06379.

Alibek K, Sevko AL, Olishevskii SV, Klimenko T: [Viral cancerogenesis: current point of view]. Lik Sprava. 2007, 5–6: 3-25.

Perez-Ordonez B: An update on Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Head Neck Pathol. 2007, 1: 141-145. 10.1007/s12105-007-0020-7.

Zhang H, Jin Y, Chen X, Jin C, Law S, Tsao SW, et al: Papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase in esophageal cell immortalization and early transformation. Cancer Lett. 2007, 245: 184-194. 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.005.

Farwell DG, Shera KA, Koop JI, Bonnet GA, Matthews CP, Reuther GW, et al: Genetic and epigenetic changes in human epithelial cells immortalized by telomerase. Am J Pathol. 2000, 156: 1537-1547. 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65025-0.

Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D: Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med. 2000, 248: 171-183. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00742.x.

Soroceanu L, Matlaf L, Bezrookove V, Harkins L, Martinez R, Greene M, et al: Human cytomegalovirus US28 found in glioblastoma promotes an invasive and angiogenic phenotype. Cancer Res. 2011, 71: 6643-6653. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0744.

Lucas KG, Bao L, Bruggeman R, Dunham K, Specht C: The detection of CMV pp 65 and IE1 in glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol. 2011, 103: 231-238. 10.1007/s11060-010-0383-6.

Cobbs CS, Harkins L, Samanta M, Gillespie GY, Bharara S, King PH, et al: Human cytomegalovirus infection and expression in human malignant glioma. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 3347-3350.

Prins RM, Cloughesy TF, Liau LM: Cytomegalovirus immunity after vaccination with autologous glioblastoma lysate. N Engl J Med. 2008, 359: 539-541. 10.1056/NEJMc0804818.

Sampson JH, Mitchell DA: Is cytomegalovirus a therapeutic target in glioblastoma?. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17: 4619-4621. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0992.

Scheurer ME, Bondy ML, Aldape KD, Albrecht T, El-Zein R: Detection of human cytomegalovirus in different histological types of gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2008, 116: 79-86. 10.1007/s00401-008-0359-1.

Mitchell DA, Xie W, Schmittling R, Learn C, Friedman A, McLendon RE, et al: Sensitive detection of human cytomegalovirus in tumors and peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2008, 10: 10-18. 10.1215/15228517-2007-035.

Lehrer S, Green S, Ramanathan L, Rosenzweig K, Labombardi V: No consistent relationship ofglioblastoma incidence and cytomegalovirus seropositivity in whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Anticancer Res. 2012, 32 (3): 1113-1115.

Baryawno N, Rahbar A, Wolmer-Solberg N, Taher C, Odeberg J, Darabi A, et al: Detection of human cytomegalovirus in medulloblastomas reveals a potential therapeutic target. J Clin Invest. 2011, 121: 4043-4055. 10.1172/JCI57147.

Pagano JS, Blaser M, Buendia MA, Damania B, Khalili K, Raab-Traub N, et al: Infectious agents and cancer: criteria for a causal relation. Semin Cancer Biol. 2004, 14: 453-471. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.06.009.

Arrington AS, Moore MS, Butel JS: SV40-positive brain tumor in scientist with risk of laboratory exposure to the virus. Oncogene. 2004, 23: 2231-2235. 10.1038/sj.onc.1207341.

Saenz-Robles MT, Sullivan CS, Pipas JM: Transforming functions of Simian Virus 40. Oncogene. 2001, 20: 7899-7907. 10.1038/sj.onc.1204936.

Tognon M, Corallini A, Martini F, et al: Oncogenic transformation by BK virus and association with human tumors. Oncogene. 2003, 22: 5192-5200. 10.1038/sj.onc.1206550.

Jorgensen GE, Johnsen JI, Ponthan F, Kogner P, Flaegstad T, Traavik T: Human polyomavirus BK (BKV) and neuroblastoma: mechanisms of oncogenic action and possible strategy for novel treatment. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2000, 35: 593-596. 10.1002/1096-911X(20001201)35:6<593::AID-MPO22>3.0.CO;2-I.

Fioriti D, Videtta M, Mischitelli M, Degener AM, Russo G, Giordano A, et al: The human polyomavirus BK: Potential role in cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2005, 204: 402-406. 10.1002/jcp.20300.

Del Brutto OH, Dolezal M, Castillo PR, Garcia HH: Neurocysticercosis and oncogenesis. Arch Med Res. 2000, 31: 151-155. 10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00049-7.

Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, Bondy M, Berger MS: Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol. 2002, 4: 278-299.

Thomas F, Lafferty KD, Brodeur J, Elguero E, Gauthier-Clerc M, Misse D: Incidence of adult brain cancers is higher in countries where the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is common. Biol Lett. 2012, 8: 101-103. 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0588.

Schuman LM, Choi NW, Gullen WH: Relationship of central nervous system neoplasms to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1967, 57: 848-856. 10.2105/AJPH.57.5.848.

Ryan P, Hurley SF, Johnson AM, Salzberg M, Lee MW, North JB, et al: Tumours of the brain and presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Epidemiol. 1993, 22: 412-419. 10.1093/ije/22.3.412.

Huang S, Li JY, Wu J, Meng L, Shou CC: Mycoplasma infections and different human carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol. 2001, 7: 266-269.

Schoeb TR, McConnell EE: Mycoplasma pulmonis and lymphoma in a methanol bioassay. Vet Pathol. 2011, 48: 903-905. 10.1177/0300985811404713.

Bitnun A, Richardson SE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Innocent Bystander or a True Cause of Central Nervous System Disease?. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010, 12: 282-290. 10.1007/s11908-010-0105-4.

Zhang B, Izadjoo M, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Morrison A, Wear DJ: Medulloblastoma and Brucellosis - Molecular Evidence of Brucella sp in Association with Central Nervous System Cancer. J Cancer. 2011, 2: 136-141.

Goldenberg D, Benoit NE, Begum S, Westra WH, Cohen Y, Koch WM, Sidransky D, Califano JA: Epstein-Barr virus in head and neck cancer assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Laryngoscope. 2004, 114 (6): 1027-1031. 10.1097/00005537-200406000-00013.

Brennan B: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006, 1: 23-10.1186/1750-1172-1-23.

Pendjer I, Krejovic B, Vucicevic S: A comparative study of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy or combined treatment with zorubicin-cisplatin and radiotherapy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1997, 254 (Suppl 1): S127-S129.

Ozyar E, Ayhan A, Korcum AF, Atahan IL: Prognostic role of Ebstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 and interleukin-10 expression in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Invest. 2004, 22: 483-491. 10.1081/CNV-200026386.

Marur S, D’Souza G, Westra WH, Forastiere AA: HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol. 2010, 11: 781-789. 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70017-6.

Goon PK, Stanley MA, Ebmeyer J, Steinstrasser L, Upile T, Jerjes W, et al: HPV & head and neck cancer: a descriptive update. Head Neck Oncol. 2009, 1: 36-10.1186/1758-3284-1-36.

Wolff HA, Rodel RM, Gunawan B, Overbeck T, Herrmann MK, Hennies S, et al: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in adults: treatment results after long-term follow-up with special reference to adjuvant interferon-beta in undifferentiated carcinomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010, 136: 89-97. 10.1007/s00432-009-0640-2.

Stebbing J, Sanitt A, Nelson M, Powles T, Gazzard B, Bower M: A prognostic index for AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in the era of highly active antiretrociral therapy. Lancet. 2006, 367: 1495-1502. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68649-2.

Blattner WA: Human retroviruses: their role in cancer. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1999, 111 (6): 563-572. 10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.99210.x.

Lasisi OA: Otolaryngological manifestations of HIV/AIDS: A Review. Ann Ibadan Postgrad Med. 2005, 3 (1): 33-39.

Verma SC, Lan K, Robertson E: Structure and function of latency-associated nuclear antigen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2007, 312: 101-136. 10.1007/978-3-540-34344-8_4.

Hengge UR, Ruzicka T, Tyring SK, Stuschke M, Roggendorf M, Schwartz RA, Seeber S: Update on Kaposi’s sarcoma and other HHV8 associated diseases. Part 2: pathogenesis, Castleman’s disease, and pleural effusion lymphoma. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002, 2 (6): 344-352. 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00288-8.

Boshoff C, Weiss R: AIDS-related malignancies. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002, 2 (5): 373-382. 10.1038/nrc797.

Pyakurel P, Pak F, Mwakigonja AR, Kaaya E, Biberfeld P: KSHV/HHV-8 and HIV infection in Kaposi’s sarcoma development. Infect Agent Canc. 2007, 2: 4-10.1186/1750-9378-2-4.

Sasaki M, Yamaura C, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Tajika S, Kodama Y, Ohya T, et al: Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and its infection route. Oral Dis. 2005, 11: 151-156. 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01051.x.

Shiga K, Tateda M, Saijo S, Hori T, Sato I, Tateno H, et al: Presence of Streptococcus infection in extra-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its implication in carcinogenesis. Oncol Rep. 2001, 8: 245-248.

Morita E, Narikiyo M, Yano A, Nishimura E, Igaki H, Sasaki H, et al: Different frequencies of Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and esophageal cancer. Cancer Sci. 2003, 94: 492-496. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01471.x.

Chocolatewala N, Chaturvedi P, Desale R: The role of bacteria in oral cancer. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2010, 31: 126-131. 10.4103/0971-5851.76195.

Mager DL, Haffajee AD, Devlin PM, Norris CM, Posner MR, Goodson JM: The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects. J Transl Med. 2005, 3: 27-10.1186/1479-5876-3-27.

Dziurzynski K, Chang SM, Heimberger AB, Kalejta RF, McGregor Dallas SR, Smit M, Soroceanu L, Cobbs CS: Consensus on the role of human cytomegalovirus in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2012, 14 (3): 246-255. 10.1093/neuonc/nor227.

Bleeker FE, Molenaar RJ, Leenstra S: Recent advances in the molecular understanding of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2012, 108 (1): 11-27. 10.1007/s11060-011-0793-0.

Maussang D, Langemeijer E, Fitzsimons CP, Stigter-van WM, Dijkman R, Borg MK, et al: The human cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 promotes angiogenesis and tumor formation via cyclooxygenase-2. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 2861-2869. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2487.

Tyagarajan SK, Frisque RJ: Stability and function of JC virus large T antigen and T’ proteins are altered by mutation of their phosphorylated threonine 125 residues. J Virol. 2006, 80: 2083-2091. 10.1128/JVI.80.5.2083-2091.2006.

White MK, Khalili K: Polyomaviruses and human cancer: molecular mechanisms underlying patterns of tumorigenesis. Virology. 2004, 324: 1-16. 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.025.

Maginnis MS, Atwood WJ: JC virus: an oncogenic virus in animals and humans?. Semin Cancer Biol. 2009, 19: 261-269. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2009.02.013.

Hermes G, Ajioka JW, Kelly KA, Mui E, Roberts F, Kasza K, et al: Neurological and behavioral abnormalities, ventricular dilatation, altered cellular functions, inflammation, and neuronal injury in brains of mice due to common, persistent, parasitic infection. J Neuroinflammation. 2008, 5: 48-10.1186/1742-2094-5-48.

Molinari JL, Tato P, Reynoso OA, Cazares JM: Depressive effect of a Taenia solium cysticercus factor on cultured human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1990, 84: 205-208.

Lehrer S: Association between malaria incidence and all cancer mortality in fifty U.S. States and the District of Columbia. Anticancer Res. 2010, 30: 1371-1373.

Biberfeld P, Ensoli B, Sturzl M, Schulz TF: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8, cytokines, growth factors and HIV in pathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 1998, 11 (2): 97-105. 10.1097/00001432-199804000-00002.

Dalgleish AG, O’Byrne KJ: Chronic immune activation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AIDS and cancer. Adv Cancer Res. 2002, 84: 231-276.

Gallo RC: Some aspects of the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1998, 23: 55-57.

Frankel AD, Young JA: HIV-1: fifteen proteins and an RNA. Annu Rev Biochem. 1998, 67: 1-25. 10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.1.

Gaynor RB: Regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by the transactivator protein Tat. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1995, 193: 51-77. 10.1007/978-3-642-78929-8_3.

Foreman KE: Kaposi’s sarcoma: the role of HHV-8 and HIV-1 in pathogenesis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2001, 2001: 1-17.

Littman AJ, White E, Jackson LA, Thornquist MD, Gaydos CA, Goodman GE, Vaughan TL: Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and risk of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004, 13 (10): 1624-1630.

Koyi H, Brandén E, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, Steen B: An association between chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and lung cancer. A prospective 2-year study. APMIS. 2001, 109 (9): 572-580. 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-177.x.

Kocazeybek B: Chronic Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in lung cancer, a risk factor: a case–control study. J Med Microbiol. 2003, 52 (Pt 8): 721-726.

Coussens LM, Werb Z: Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002, 420 (6917): 860-867. 10.1038/nature01322.

Nougayrède JP, Taieb F, De Rycke J, Oswald E: Cyclomodulins: bacterial effectors that modulate the eukaryotic cell cycle. Trends Microbiol. 2005, 13 (3): 103-110. 10.1016/j.tim.2005.01.002.

Lax AJ: Opinion: Bacterial toxins and cancer–a case to answer?. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005, 3 (4): 343-349. 10.1038/nrmicro1130.

Kordelas L, Trenschel R, Koldehoff M, Elmaagacli A, Beelen DW: Successful treatment of EBV PTLD with CNS lymphomas with the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Onkologie. 2008, 31: 691-693.

O’Grady JF, Reade PC: Candida albicans as a promoter of oral mucosal neoplasia. Carcinogenesis. 1992, 13 (5): 783-786. 10.1093/carcin/13.5.783.

Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–106. 2012,http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf,

Schwarz TF: Clinical update of the AS04-Adjuvanted human Papillomavirus-16/18 cervical cancer vaccine, cervarix®. Adv Ther. 2009, 26: 983-998. 10.1007/s12325-009-0079-5.

Wick DA, Webb JR: A novel, broad spectrum therapeutic HPV vaccine targeting the E7 proteins of HPV16, 18, 31, 45 and 52 that elicits potent E7-specific CD8T cell immunity and regression of large, established, E7-expressing TC-1 tumors. Vaccine. 2011, 29: 7857-7866. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.090.

Zhao L, Liu B, Ren J, Feng J, Pang Z, Gao J, et al: Immunogenicity in mice and rhesus monkeys vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing bivalent E7E6 fusion proteins from human papillomavirus types 16 and 18. Virol J. 2011, 8: 302-10.1186/1743-422X-8-302.

Melief CJ: Synthetic vaccine for the treatment of lesions caused by high risk human papilloma virus. Cancer J. 2011, 17 (5): 300-301. 10.1097/PPO.0b013e318235e0fe.

Ghazi A, Ashoori A, Hanley PJ, Brawley VS, Shaffer DR, Kew Y, et al: Generation of polyclonal CMV-specific T cells for the adoptive immunotherapy of glioblastoma. J Immunother. 2012, 35: 159-168. 10.1097/CJI.0b013e318247642f.

Yoshizaki T, Wakisaka N, Kondo S, Murono S, Shimizu Y, Nakashima M, et al: Treatment of locally recurrent Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma using the anti-viral agent cidofovir. J Med Virol. 2008, 80: 879-882. 10.1002/jmv.21165.

Volpi A: Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus type 8 infections of the central nervous system. Herpes. 2004, 11 (Suppl 2): 120A-127A.

Hanel M, Fiedler F, Thorns C: Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) and Cidofovir as successful treatment of an EBV-associated lymphoma with CNS involvement. Onkologie. 2001, 24: 491-494. 10.1159/000055132.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Infectious Agents and Cancer

Tập 8 Số 1

Thông tin tác giả