Role of arginine metabolism in immunity and immunopathology

Akaike, 2000, Nitric oxide and virus infection, Immunology, 101, 300, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00142.x

Akarid, 1995, Inhibitory effect of nitric oxide on the replication of a murine retrovirus in vitro and in vivo, J. Virol., 69, 7001, 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7001-7005.1995

Almand, 2001, Increased production of immature myeloid cells in cancer patients: a mechanism of immunosuppression in cancer, J. Immunol., 166, 678, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.678

Amaro, 1997, Decreased nitric oxide production in chronic viral hepatitis B and C, J. Med. Virol., 51, 326, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199704)51:4<326::AID-JMV11>3.0.CO;2-G

Anthony, 2006, Memory T(H)2 cells induce alternatively activated macrophages to mediate protection against nematode parasites, Nat. Med., 12, 955, 10.1038/nm1451

Aulak, 2001, Proteomic method identifies proteins nitrated in vivo during inflammatory challenge, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 12056, 10.1073/pnas.221269198

Balic, 2004, Selective maturation of dendritic cells by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-secreted proteins drives Th2 immune responses, Eur. J. Immunol., 34, 3047, 10.1002/eji.200425167

Balkwill, 2005, Smoldering and polarized inflammation in the initiation and promotion of malignant disease, Cancer Cell, 7, 211, 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.02.013

Baniyash, 2004, TCR zeta-chain downregulation: curtailing an excessive inflammatory immune response, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 4, 675, 10.1038/nri1434

Bansal, 2004, Citrulline can preserve proliferation and prevent the loss of CD3 zeta chain under conditions of low arginine, J. Parenter. Enteral. Nutr., 28, 423, 10.1177/0148607104028006423

Bartholdy, 1999, Inducible nitric-oxide synthase plays a minimal role in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced, T cell-mediated protective immunity and immunopathology, J. Gen. Virol., 80, 2997, 10.1099/0022-1317-80-11-2997

Baskin, 1997, Herpes simplex virus type 2 synergizes with interferon-gamma in the induction of nitric oxide production in mouse macrophages through autocrine secretion of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, J. Gen. Virol., 78, 195, 10.1099/0022-1317-78-1-195

Bellows, 2003, Vaccinia virus-induced inhibition of nitric oxide production, J. Surg. Res., 111, 127, 10.1016/S0022-4804(03)00079-9

Bi, 1995, Inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus infection by nitric oxide, J. Virol., 69, 2208, 10.1128/jvi.69.4.2208-2213.1995

Blachier, 1997, Polyamines inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase activity in rat liver cytosol, Nitric Oxide, 1, 268, 10.1006/niox.1997.0127

Bogdan, 2001, Nitric oxide and the immune response, Nat. Immunol., 2, 907, 10.1038/ni1001-907

Bogdan, 2001, Nitric oxide and the regulation of gene expression, Trends Cell Biol., 11, 66, 10.1016/S0962-8924(00)01900-0

Booth, 2004, Periportal fibrosis in human Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with low IL-10, low IFN-gamma, high TNF-alpha, or low RANTES, depending on age and gender, J. Immunol., 172, 1295, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1295

Boullerne, 1995, Indirect evidence for nitric oxide involvement in multiple sclerosis by characterization of circulating antibodies directed against conjugated S-nitrosocysteine, J. Neuroimmunol., 60, 117, 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00061-6

Bousquet, 2000, Asthma. From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 161, 1720, 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9903102

Brennan, 2004, Both inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase contribute to the control of virulent phase I Coxiella burnetii infections, Infect. Immun., 72, 6666, 10.1128/IAI.72.11.6666-6675.2004

Brinkmann, 2004, Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria, Science, 303, 1532, 10.1126/science.1092385

Brito, 1999, Peroxynitrite inhibits T lymphocyte activation and proliferation by promoting impairment of tyrosine phosphorylation and peroxynitrite-driven apoptotic death, J. Immunol., 162, 3356, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3356

Bronte, 2005, Regulation of immune responses by l-arginine metabolism, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 5, 641, 10.1038/nri1668

Bronte, 1998, Apoptotic death of CD8+ T lymphocytes after immunization: induction of a suppressive population of Mac-1+/Gr-1+ cells, J. Immunol., 161, 5313, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5313

Bronte, 1999, Unopposed production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by tumors inhibits CD8+ T cell responses by dysregulating antigen-presenting cell maturation, J. Immunol., 162, 5728, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.10.5728

Bronte, 2003, IL-4-induced arginase 1 suppresses alloreactive T cells in tumor-bearing mice, J. Immunol., 170, 270, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.270

Bronte, 2005, Boosting antitumor responses of T lymphocytes infiltrating human prostate cancers, J. Exp. Med., 201, 1257, 10.1084/jem.20042028

Brys, 2005, Reactive oxygen species and 12/15-lipoxygenase contribute to the antiproliferative capacity of alternatively activated myeloid cells elicited during helminth infection, J. Immunol., 174, 6095, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6095

Buzoni-Gatel, 2006, Toxoplasma gondii and subversion of the immune system, Trends Parasitol., 22, 448, 10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.002

Cederbaum, 2004, Arginases I and II: do their functions overlap?, Mol. Genet. Metab., 81, S38, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.10.012

Chang, 2001, Macrophage arginase promotes tumor cell growth and suppresses nitric oxide-mediated tumor cytotoxicity, Cancer Res., 61, 1100

Chen, 2004, Stimulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by monosodium urate crystals in macrophages and expression of iNOS in gouty arthritis, Nitric Oxide, 11, 228, 10.1016/j.niox.2004.09.003

Connelly, 2001, Biphasic regulation of NF-kappa B activity underlies the pro- and anti-inflammatory actions of nitric oxide, J. Immunol., 166, 3873, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.3873

Connor, 1995, Suppression of adjuvant-induced arthritis by selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 273, 15, 10.1016/0014-2999(94)00672-T

Croen, 1993, Evidence for antiviral effect of nitric oxide. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication, J. Clin. Invest., 91, 2446, 10.1172/JCI116479

Dalton, 2005, Nitric-oxide-dependent and independent mechanisms of protection from CNS inflammation during Th1-mediated autoimmunity: evidence from EAE in iNOS KO mice, J. Neuroimmunol., 160, 110, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.11.004

Davel, 2002, Arginine metabolic pathways involved in the modulation of tumor-induced angiogenesis by macrophages, FEBS Lett., 532, 216, 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03682-7

De Santo, 2005, Nitroaspirin corrects immune dysfunction in tumor-bearing hosts and promotes tumor eradication by cancer vaccination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 4185, 10.1073/pnas.0409783102

Debats, 2006, Infected chronic wounds show different local and systemic arginine conversion compared with acute wounds, J. Surg. Res., 134, 205, 10.1016/j.jss.2006.03.005

Dinapoli, 1996, The altered tumoricidal capacity of macrophages isolated from tumor-bearing mice is related to reduce expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, J. Exp. Med., 183, 1323, 10.1084/jem.183.4.1323

Duffield, 2005, Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair, J. Clin. Invest., 115, 56, 10.1172/JCI200522675

Eaton, 2002, In vivo complementation of ureB restores the ability of Helicobacter pylori to colonize, Infect. Immun., 70, 771, 10.1128/IAI.70.2.771-778.2002

El-Gayar, 2003, Translational control of inducible nitric oxide synthase by IL-13 and arginine availability in inflammatory macrophages, J. Immunol., 171, 4561, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4561

Elliott, 1994, Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis, Lancet, 344, 1105, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90628-9

Fang, 1997, Perspectives series: host/pathogen interactions. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-related antimicrobial activity, J. Clin. Invest., 99, 2818, 10.1172/JCI119473

Fang, 1997, The transcriptional regulator SoxS is required for resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to paraquat but not for virulence in mice, Infect. Immun., 65, 5371, 10.1128/iai.65.12.5371-5375.1997

Fenyk-Melody, 1998, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is exacerbated in mice lacking the NOS2 gene, J. Immunol., 160, 2940, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.6.2940

Ferreira, 1996, Inhibition of eosinophil chemotaxis by chronic blockade of nitric oxide biosynthesis, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 310, 201, 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00379-2

Finkelman, 2004, Interleukin-4- and interleukin-13-mediated host protection against intestinal nematode parasites, Immunol. Rev., 201, 139, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00192.x

Firestein, 2005, Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: how early is early?, Arthritis Res. Ther., 7, 157, 10.1186/ar1780

Fortenberry, 1998, Exogenous nitric oxide enhances neutrophil cell death and DNA fragmentation, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 18, 421, 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.3.2875

Fortenberry, 2001, S-nitrosoglutathione inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation in neutrophils, Inflamm. Res., 50, 89

Gabrilovich, 2007, The terminology issue for myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Cancer Res., 67, 425, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3037

Gallina, 2006, Tumors induce a subset of inflammatory monocytes with immunosuppressive activity on CD8+ T cells, J. Clin. Invest., 116, 2777, 10.1172/JCI28828

Gazzinelli, 1996, In the absence of endogenous IL-10, mice acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii succumb to a lethal immune response dependent on CD4+ T cells and accompanied by overproduction of IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, J. Immunol., 157, 798, 10.4049/jimmunol.157.2.798

Giordanengo, 2002, Cruzipain, a major Trypanosoma cruzi antigen, conditions the host immune response in favor of parasite, Eur. J. Immunol., 32, 1003, 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<1003::AID-IMMU1003>3.0.CO;2-P

Goni, 2002, Immunosuppression during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection: involvement of Ly6G (Gr1(+))CD11b(+)immature myeloid suppressor cells, Int. Immunol., 14, 1125, 10.1093/intimm/dxf076

Gordon, 2003, Alternative activation of macrophages, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 3, 23, 10.1038/nri978

Hamid, 1993, Induction of nitric oxide synthase in asthma, Lancet, 342, 1510, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)80083-2

Harris, 1995, Gamma interferon-induced, nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of vaccinia virus replication, J. Virol., 69, 910, 10.1128/jvi.69.2.910-915.1995

Hasko, 2000, Spermine differentially regulates the production of interleukin-12 p40 and interleukin-10 and suppresses the release of the T helper 1 cytokine interferon-gamma, Shock, 14, 144, 10.1097/00024382-200014020-00012

Heffernan, 2006, Local arginine supplementation results in sustained wound nitric oxide production and reductions in vascular endothelial growth factor expression and granulation tissue formation, J. Surg. Res., 133, 46, 10.1016/j.jss.2006.03.028

Herbert, 2004, Alternative macrophage activation is essential for survival during schistosomiasis and downmodulates T helper 1 responses and immunopathology, Immunity, 20, 623, 10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00107-4

Holland, 2000, Proteins secreted by the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis act as adjuvants for Th2 responses, Eur. J. Immunol., 30, 1977, 10.1002/1521-4141(200007)30:7<1977::AID-IMMU1977>3.0.CO;2-3

Hori, 1999, Human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected macrophages induce inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide (NO) production in astrocytes: astrocytic NO as a possible mediator of neural damage in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Blood, 93, 1843, 10.1182/blood.V93.6.1843.406k40_1843_1850

Hrabak, 1996, Computer-aided comparison of the inhibition of arginase and nitric oxide synthase in macrophages by amino acids not related to arginine, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 113, 375, 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02054-3

Hung, 1998, The central role of CD4(+) T cells in the antitumor immune response, J. Exp. Med., 188, 2357, 10.1084/jem.188.12.2357

Ialenti, 1993, Modulation of adjuvant arthritis by endogenous nitric oxide, Br. J. Pharmacol., 110, 701, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13868.x

Ibiza, 2006, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase regulates T cell receptor signaling at the immunological synapse, Immunity, 24, 753, 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.04.006

Iniesta, 2001, The inhibition of arginase by N(omega)-hydroxy-l-arginine controls the growth of Leishmania inside macrophages, J. Exp. Med., 193, 777, 10.1084/jem.193.6.777

Jacobsen, 2007, Arginase 1 is expressed in myelocytes/metamyelocytes and localized in gelatinase granules of human neutrophils, Blood, 109, 3084, 10.1182/blood-2006-06-032599

James, 1995, Role of nitric oxide in parasitic infections, Microbiol. Rev., 59, 533, 10.1128/mr.59.4.533-547.1995

Jarvis, 2006, Evidence for chronic, peripheral activation of neutrophils in polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Res. Ther., 8, R154, 10.1186/ar2048

Karupiah, 1993, Inhibition of viral replication by interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide synthase, Science, 261, 1445, 10.1126/science.7690156

Kim, 1997, Inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding and nitric oxide induction in human T cells and lung adenocarcinoma cells by selenite treatment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 12904, 10.1073/pnas.94.24.12904

Kolios, 2004, Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease: a universal messenger in an unsolved puzzle, Immunology, 113, 427, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01984.x

Kreil, 1996, Nitric oxide and viral infection: NO antiviral activity against a flavivirus in vitro, and evidence for contribution to pathogenesis in experimental infection in vivo, Virology, 219, 304, 10.1006/viro.1996.0252

Kropf, 2005, Arginase and polyamine synthesis are key factors in the regulation of experimental leishmaniasis in vivo, FASEB J., 19, 1000, 10.1096/fj.04-3416fje

Kusmartsev, 2005, STAT1 signaling regulates tumor-associated macrophage-mediated T cell deletion, J. Immunol., 174, 4880, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4880

Kusmartsev, 2004, Antigen-specific inhibition of CD8+ T cell response by immature myeloid cells in cancer is mediated by reactive oxygen species, J. Immunol., 172, 989, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.989

Kusmartsev, 2005, Tumor-associated CD8+ T cell tolerance induced by bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells, J. Immunol., 175, 4583, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4583

Le Goff, 2002, IL-4 is required to prevent filarial nematode development in resistant but not susceptible strains of mice, Int. J. Parasitol., 32, 1277, 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00125-X

Lee, 2003, Translational control of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by arginine can explain the arginine paradox, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 4843, 10.1073/pnas.0735876100

Li, 2005, Peroxynitrite generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase mediates microglial toxicity to oligodendrocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 9936, 10.1073/pnas.0502552102

Lin, 1997, Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection by nitric oxide: antiviral effect of nitric oxide on RNA virus replication, J. Virol., 71, 5227, 10.1128/jvi.71.7.5227-5235.1997

Lock, 2002, Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Nat. Med., 8, 500, 10.1038/nm0502-500

Loke, 2000, Antigen-presenting cells recruited by Brugia malayi induce Th2 differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells, Eur. J. Immunol., 30, 1127, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(200004)30:4<1127::AID-IMMU1127>3.0.CO;2-#

Lotito, 2004, Nitric oxide-derived species in synovial fluid from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, J. Rheumatol., 31, 992

Lowenstein, 1996, Nitric oxide inhibits viral replication in murine myocarditis, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 1837, 10.1172/JCI118613

Lyon, 1993, Inhibition of nitric oxide induction from avian macrophage cell lines by influenza virus, Avian Dis., 37, 868, 10.2307/1592043

MacDonald, 2001, CD8- dendritic cell activation status plays an integral role in influencing Th2 response development, J. Immunol., 167, 1982, 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1982

Maizels, 2004, Helminth parasites—masters of regulation, Immunol. Rev., 201, 89, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x

Majano, 1998, Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in chronic viral hepatitis. Evidence for a virus-induced gene upregulation, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 1343, 10.1172/JCI774

Makarenkova, 2006, CD11b+/Gr-1+ myeloid suppressor cells cause T cell dysfunction after traumatic stress, J. Immunol., 176, 2085, 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2085

Mann, 2003, Regulation of amino acid and glucose transporters in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, Physiol. Rev., 83, 183, 10.1152/physrev.00022.2002

Marriott, 2004, Nitric oxide levels regulate macrophage commitment to apoptosis or necrosis during pneumococcal infection, FASEB J., 18, 1126, 10.1096/fj.03-1450fje

Marshall, 2001, Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni develop a novel non-T-lymphocyte suppressor population which inhibits virus-specific CTL induction via a soluble factor, Microbes Infect., 3, 1051, 10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01499-X

Martin, 2005, Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly, Trends Cell Biol., 15, 599, 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.09.002

Martinez, 2006, Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression, J. Immunol., 177, 7303, 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7303

McInnes, 1996, The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis, Nat. Med., 2, 175, 10.1038/nm0296-175

Miller, M.J., Chotinaruemol, S., Sadowska-Krowicka, H., Kakkis, J.L., Munshi, U.K., Zhang, X.J., Clark, D.A., 1993. Nitric oxide: the Jekyll and Hyde of gut inflammation. Agents Actions 39 (special no.), C180–C182.

Mocellin, 2007, Nitric oxide, a double edged sword in cancer biology: searching for therapeutic opportunities, Med. Res. Rev., 27, 317, 10.1002/med.20092

Morris, 2004, Enzymes of arginine metabolism, J. Nutr., 134, 2743S, 10.1093/jn/134.10.2743S

Munder, 2006, Suppression of T-cell functions by human granulocyte arginase, Blood, 108, 1627, 10.1182/blood-2006-11-010389

Nakagawa, 2007, Nitration of specific tyrosine residues of cytochrome C is associated with caspase–cascade inactivation, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 30, 15, 10.1248/bpb.30.15

Nakamichi, 2004, Rabies virus stimulates nitric oxide production and CXC chemokine ligand 10 expression in macrophages through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, J. Virol., 78, 9376, 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9376-9388.2004

Nathan, 1991, Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 3, 65, 10.1016/0952-7915(91)90079-G

Neves-Souza, 2005, Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in monocytes during acute Dengue Fever in patients and during in vitro infection, BMC Infect. Dis., 5, 64, 10.1186/1471-2334-5-64

Nieves, 2002, Arginine and immunity: a unique perspective, Biomed. Pharmacother., 56, 471, 10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00291-3

O’Brien, 2001, Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase initiates relapsing remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats, yet nitric oxide appears to be essential for clinical expression of disease, J. Immunol., 167, 5904, 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5904

Ochoa, 2001, Arginase I expression and activity in human mononuclear cells after injury, Ann. Surg., 233, 393, 10.1097/00000658-200103000-00014

O’Neill, 2000, Altered caspase expression results in delayed neutrophil apoptosis in acute pancreatitis, J. Leukoc. Biol., 68, 15, 10.1189/jlb.68.1.15

Ormerod, 1999, The inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of a nitric oxide releasing cream on normal skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 113, 392, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00692.x

Ottonello, 2002, Delayed neutrophil apoptosis induced by synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis: role of cytokines, estrogens, and adenosine, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 966, 226, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04219.x

Owhashi, 2000, Identification of a novel eosinophil chemotactic cytokine (ECF-L) as a chitinase family protein, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 1279, 10.1074/jbc.275.2.1279

Padilla, 2000, Morphologic differentiation of HL-60 cells is associated with appearance of RPTPbeta and induction of Helicobacter pylori VacA sensitivity, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 15200, 10.1074/jbc.275.20.15200

Pahan, 2001, Induction of nitric-oxide synthase and activation of NF-kappaB by interleukin-12 p40 in microglial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 7899, 10.1074/jbc.M008262200

Parkinson, 1997, The role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis, J. Mol. Med., 75, 174, 10.1007/s001090050102

Paul-Clark, 2001, Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors have opposite effects on acute inflammation depending on their route of administration, J. Immunol., 166, 1169, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1169

Pearce, 2002, The immunobiology of schistosomiasis, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2, 499, 10.1038/nri843

Peluffo, 2004, l-arginine metabolism during interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with host cells, Trends Parasitol., 20, 363, 10.1016/j.pt.2004.05.010

Perez-Cano, 2003, Immunomodulatory action of spermine and spermidine on NR8383 macrophage line in various culture conditions, Cell Immunol., 226, 86, 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.09.009

Pfeiffer, 2001, Protein tyrosine nitration in cytokine-activated murine macrophages. Involvement of a peroxidase/nitrite pathway rather than peroxynitrite, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 34051, 10.1074/jbc.M100585200

Raines, 2006, Importance of nitric oxide synthase in the control of infection by Bacillus anthracis, Infect. Immun., 74, 2268, 10.1128/IAI.74.4.2268-2276.2006

Ramshaw, 2001, New approaches in the treatment of asthma, Immunol. Cell. Biol., 79, 154, 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.00987.x

Reece, 2006, Innate immune responses to lung-stage helminth infection induce alternatively activated alveolar macrophages, Infect. Immun., 74, 4970, 10.1128/IAI.00687-06

Rodrigues, 2000, CD4 Th1 but not Th2 clones efficiently activate macrophages to eliminate Trypanosoma cruzi through a nitric oxide dependent mechanism, Immunol. Lett., 73, 43, 10.1016/S0165-2478(00)00205-4

Rodriguez, 2003, l-arginine consumption by macrophages modulates the expression of CD3 zeta chain in T lymphocytes, J. Immunol., 171, 1232, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1232

Rodriguez, 2005, Arginase I in myeloid suppressor cells is induced by COX-2 in lung carcinoma, J. Exp. Med., 202, 931, 10.1084/jem.20050715

Rodriguez, 2007, l-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression, Blood, 109, 1568, 10.1182/blood-2006-06-031856

Rodriguez-Sosa, 2002, Chronic helminth infection induces alternatively activated macrophages expressing high levels of CCR5 with low interleukin-12 production and Th2-biasing ability, Infect. Immun., 70, 3656, 10.1128/IAI.70.7.3656-3664.2002

Rutschman, 2001, Cutting edge: Stat6-dependent substrate depletion regulates nitric oxide production, J. Immunol., 166, 2173, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2173

Satriano, 2004, Arginine pathways and the inflammatory response: interregulation of nitric oxide and polyamines: review article, Amino Acids, 26, 321, 10.1007/s00726-004-0078-4

Saura, 1999, An antiviral mechanism of nitric oxide: inhibition of a viral protease, Immunity, 10, 21, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80003-5

Scharton-Kersten, 1995, IL-12 is required for natural killer cell activation and subsequent T helper 1 cell development in experimental leishmaniasis, J. Immunol., 154, 5320, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5320

Sellebjerg, 2002, Cerebrospinal fluid levels of nitric oxide metabolites predict response to methylprednisolone treatment in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis, J. Neuroimmunol., 125, 198, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00037-1

Serafini, 2004, Derangement of immune responses by myeloid suppressor cells, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 53, 64, 10.1007/s00262-003-0443-2

Shearer, 1997, Differential regulation of macrophage arginine metabolism: a proposed role in wound healing, Am. J. Physiol., 272, E181

Shimizu, 2005, Roles of reactive nitrogen intermediates and transforming growth factor-beta produced by immunosuppressive macrophages in the expression of suppressor activity against T cell proliferation induced by TCR stimulation, Cytokine, 30, 7, 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.12.016

Sica, 2006, Tumour-associated macrophages are a distinct M2 polarised population promoting tumour progression: potential targets of anti-cancer therapy, Eur. J. Cancer, 42, 717, 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.003

Simon, 1999, Apoptosis in inflammatory diseases, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 118, 261, 10.1159/000024093

Steichen, 2003, Identification of the immunodominant protein and other proteins of the Bacillus anthracis exosporium, J. Bacteriol., 185, 1903, 10.1128/JB.185.6.1903-1910.2003

Stempin, 2002, Alternative activation and increase of Trypanosoma cruzi survival in murine macrophages stimulated by cruzipain, a parasite antigen, J. Leukoc. Biol., 72, 727, 10.1189/jlb.72.4.727

Steptoe, 2005, Autoimmune diabetes is suppressed by transfer of proinsulin-encoding Gr-1+ myeloid progenitor cells that differentiate in vivo into resting dendritic cells, Diabetes, 54, 434, 10.2337/diabetes.54.2.434

Taylor, 2006, F4/80+ alternatively activated macrophages control CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness at sites peripheral to filarial infection, J. Immunol., 176, 6918, 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6918

Thomas, 2003, Maturation of dendritic cell 2 phenotype by a helminth glycan uses a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent mechanism, J. Immunol., 171, 5837, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5837

Tong, 2004, Cellular and physiological effects of arginine, Mini. Rev. Med. Chem., 4, 823, 10.2174/1389557043403305

Tran, 2000, IFN-gamma shapes immune invasion of the central nervous system via regulation of chemokines, J. Immunol., 164, 2759, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2759

Tsirogianni, 2006, Wound healing: immunological aspects, Injury, 37, S5, 10.1016/j.injury.2006.02.035

Tsutsumi, 1999, Respiratory syncytial virus infection of human respiratory epithelial cells enhances inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression, J. Leukoc. Biol., 66, 99, 10.1002/jlb.66.1.99

Turlej, 2001, Enhanced survival of lung granulocytes in an animal model of asthma: evidence for a role of GM-CSF activated STAT5 signalling pathway, Thorax, 56, 696, 10.1136/thx.56.9.696

Vasu, 2003, Selective induction of dendritic cells using granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, but not fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3-ligand, activates thyroglobulin-specific CD4+/CD25+ T cells and suppresses experimental autoimmune thyroiditis, J. Immunol., 170, 5511, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5511

Vincendeau, 2003, Arginases in parasitic diseases, Trends Parasitol., 19, 9, 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)00010-7

Voehringer, 2004, Type 2 immunity reflects orchestrated recruitment of cells committed to IL-4 production, Immunity, 20, 267, 10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00026-3

Volkmann, 2003, Murine filariasis: interleukin 4 and interleukin 5 lead to containment of different worm developmental stages, Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 192, 23, 10.1007/s00430-002-0155-9

Ward, 1999, Pharmacological manipulation of granulocyte apoptosis: potential therapeutic targets, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 20, 503, 10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01391-7

Weinberg, 2006, Serum, urinary, and salivary nitric oxide in rheumatoid arthritis: complexities of interpreting nitric oxide measures, Arthritis Res. Ther., 8, R140, 10.1186/ar2030

Welters, 2000, Morphine inhibits NF-kappaB nuclear binding in human neutrophils and monocytes by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, Anesthesiology, 92, 1677, 10.1097/00000542-200006000-00027

Wills-Karp, 1999, Immunologic basis of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 17, 255, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.255

Witte, 2002, Role of nitric oxide in wound repair, Am. J. Surg., 183, 406, 10.1016/S0002-9610(02)00815-2

Woolley, 2000, Mast cell activation and its relation to proinflammatory cytokine production in the rheumatoid lesion, Arthritis Res., 2, 65, 10.1186/ar70

Wu, 1998, Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond, Biochem. J., 336, 1, 10.1042/bj3360001

Xia, 1997, Superoxide and peroxynitrite generation from inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 6954, 10.1073/pnas.94.13.6954

Xu, 2000, Nitric oxide upregulates expression of DNA-PKcs to protect cells from DNA-damaging anti-tumour agents, Nat. Cell Biol., 2, 339, 10.1038/35014028

Zabaleta, 2004, Helicobacter pylori arginase inhibits T cell proliferation and reduces the expression of the TCR zeta-chain (CD3zeta), J. Immunol., 173, 586, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.586

Zavala, 2002, G-CSF therapy of ongoing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis via chemokine- and cytokine-based immune deviation, J. Immunol., 168, 2011, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.2011

Zea, 2005, Arginase-producing myeloid suppressor cells in renal cell carcinoma patients: a mechanism of tumor evasion, Cancer Res., 65, 3044, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4505

Zimmermann, 2006, The arginine–arginase balance in asthma and lung inflammation, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 533, 253, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.047