Role of Moringa oleifera leaves and aqueous extract in prevention of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia in common carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings with a reference to histopathological alterations
Tóm tắt
Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) is a serious problem for fish farming industry. Attention has been focused on detecting novel products of plant origin for MAS prevention. Among these plants is Moringa oleifera that has a wide range of medicinal uses. The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves (MOLs) and their aqueous extract in prevention of MAS in Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. Median lethal dose (LD50) of Aeromonas hydrophila was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and agar well diffusion methods were used to determine antimicrobial activity of MOLs aqueous extract against Aeromonas hydrophila. Three different fish diets were prepared including diet1 with no additives (control), diet2 containing 1 g of MOLs/kg feed, and the third diet containing 10 ml of 10% MOLs aqueous extract/kg feed. Fish were fed with its specific diet at 5% of body weight for 30 days. At the end of the dietary experimental period, mortality and relative percent survival (RPS) were calculated. Organs were collected for histopathology. The LD50 was 1.5 × 105 CFU/ml. The aqueous extract exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity. No mortalities and 100% RPS were observed in all groups except 10% mortalities and 86 RPS of group fed MOLs then injected with Aeromonas hydrophila and 70% mortalities in control positive group. Severe histopathological alternations were observed in control positive group while that fed MOLs aqueous extract then injected with Aeromonas hydrophila showed normal histological structure of all examined organs. The group fed MOLs then injected with Aeromonas hydrophila showed mild histopathological changes in liver and kidney. Therefore, aqueous extract succeeded in prevention of MAS with no mortalities and no histological alterations. Further studies are needed for comparing between the traditional form of MOLs and their aqueous extract and their nanoparticle form in prevention of MAS disease in fish. Also, further studies are needed to explain the superior effect of MOLs aqueous extract in MAS prevention.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ajayi AO, Fadeyi TE (2015) Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical analysis of Moringa oleifera leaves on Staphylococus aureus and Streptococcus species. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics 10(3):643–653
AlYahya SA, Fuad A, Khalidah S et al (2018) Histopathological studies of experimental Aeromonas hydrophila 339 infection in blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 25:182–185
Amend DF (1981) Potency testing of fish vaccines. International symposium on fish biologics: serodiagnostics and vaccines. Dev Biol 49:447–454
Bancroft J, Gamble A (2008) Theory and practice of histological techniques. 6th ed. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh
Chopra AK, Xu XJ, Ribardo D, Gonzalez M, Kuhl K, Peterson JW, Houston CW (2000) The cytotoxic enterotoxic of Aeromonas hydrophila induces proinflammatory cytokine production and activates arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages. Infect Immun 68:2808–2818
CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2006) Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests of bacteria isolated form aquatic animal; approved guideline M49-a.CLSI, Waune, PA, USA
Fatope MO, Ibrahim H, Takeda Y (1993) Screening of higher plants reputed as pesticides using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Pharm Biol 31:240–254
Hammed AM, Amosu A, Awe AF, Gbadamosi FF (2015) Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on Bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) infected adult African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). International Journal of Current Research 7:22117–22122
Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Moon Y, Kim M, Kim J, Heo M (2009) Use of herbal concoction in the therapy of goldfish (Carassius auratus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Bull Vet InstPulawy 53:27–36
Inglis V, Roberts RS, Bromage R (1993) Bacterial diseases of fish. 1st ed. Halsted Press, New York
Kaleeswaran BS, Ilavenilb S, Ravikumara V (2011) Dietary supplementation with Cynodondactylon (L.) enhances innate immunity and disease resistance of Indian major carp, Catla catla (Ham.). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 31:953–962
Kalpana S, Moorthi S, Sushila K (2013) Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of leaf of Moringa oleifera (Lam) against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2(12):514–518
Khalil, F., korni, M. M. F. (2017) Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaves and their aqueous extract in improving growth, immunity and mitigating effect of stress on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings 32(3): 170–177
Korni MMF, EL-Nahass EN, Ahmed MSWA (2017) An outbreak of motile Aeromonas septicemia in cultured Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus with reference to ematological, biochemical and histopathological alterations. J Fish Pathol 30(1):11–24
Noga EJ (2010) Text book of fish disease: diagnosis and treatment. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, USA, p 519
Noor El-Deen AE, Sohad MD, Azza HMH, Hakim AS (2010) Studies on Aeromonas hydrophila in cultured Oreochromis niloticus at Kafr El Sheikh governorate, Egypt with reference to histopathological alterations in some vital organs. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 6(3):233–240
Patil SD, Jane R (2013) Antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera and its synergism with Cleome viscosa. Int J of Life Sciences 1(3):182–189
Perez C, Pauli M, Bazerque P (1990) An antibiotic assay by agar-well diffusion method. Acta Biol Med Exp 15:113–115
Ramachandran C, Nivatha S, Lavanya K, Usha A (2014) Moringa oleifera: a plant with multiple medicinal uses and food preservative. International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences 3:69–72
Rey A, Verján nN, Ferguson HW, Iregui C (2009) Pathogenesis of Aeromonas hydrophila strain KJ99 infection and its extracellular products in two species of fish. Vet Rec 164:493–499
Silvestro L, Weiser JN, Axelsen PH (2000) Antibacterial and antimembrane activities of cecropin a in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44(3):602–607
Stohs SJ, Hartman MJ (2015) Review of the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera. Phytother Res 29:796–804
Stratev D, Odeyemi OA (2016). Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different food sources: a mini-review. J. Infect. Public Health 9:535–544
Stratev D, Stoev S, Vashin I, Daskalov H (2015) Some varieties of pathological changes in eximentalper infection of carps (Cyprinus carpio) with Aeromonas hydrophila. J Aquacult Eng Fish Res 1:191–202
Sugita H, Miyajima C, Deguchi Y (1990) The vitamin B12-producing ability of intestinal bacteria isolated from tilapia and channel catfish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56:701
Vieira GHF, Jozeanne AM, Ângela MA, Renata AC, Regine HSF (2010) Antibacterial effect (in vitro) of Moringa oleifera and Annona muricata against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2(3):129–132. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652010000300003
Wikler MA (2000) Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard. 5th ed. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS); 2000:M7–M5