Rodent models of alcoholic liver disease: Of mice and men

Alcohol - Tập 46 Số 8 - Trang 715-725 - 2012
Elizabeth Brandon‐Warner1, Laura W. Schrum2, C. Max Schmidt3, Iain H. McKillop1
1Department of Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
2Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
3Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abraham, 2002, Oxidative damage to the hepatocellular proteins after chronic ethanol intake in the rat, Clinica Chimica Acta, 325, 117, 10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00279-6

Adachi, 1994, Inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury, Hepatology, 20, 453, 10.1002/hep.1840200227

Adachi, 1995, Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol, Gastroenterology, 108, 218, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90027-6

Albano, 2006, Alcohol, oxidative stress and free radical damage, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 65, 278, 10.1079/PNS2006496

Ames, 1993, Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 7915, 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915

Aroor, 2011, Elevated activation of ERK1 and ERK2 accompany enhanced liver injury following alcohol binge in chronically ethanol-fed rats, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 35, 2128, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01577.x

Arteel, 2010, Animal models of alcoholic liver disease, Digestive Diseases, 28, 729, 10.1159/000324280

Austad, 2010, Methusaleh's zoo: how nature provides us with clues for extending human health span, Journal of Comparative Pathology, 142, S10, 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.024

Batra, 1995, Gastric metabolism of ethanol in Syrian golden hamster, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 40, 2712, 10.1007/BF02220464

Beck, 1986, Ethanol-induced vascular permeability changes in the jejunal mucosa of the dog, Gastroenterology, 90, 1137, 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90378-1

Beier, 2011, Advances in alcoholic liver disease, Current Gastroenterology Reports, 13, 56, 10.1007/s11894-010-0157-5

Best, 1949, Liver damage produced by feeding alcohol or sugar and its prevention by choline, British Medical Journal, 2, 1002, 10.1136/bmj.2.4635.1001

Bradford, 2008, Metabolomic profiling of a modified alcohol liquid diet model for liver injury in the mouse uncovers new markers of disease, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 232, 236, 10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.022

Brandish, 2010, Drinking patterns and the risk of serious liver disease, Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 4, 249, 10.1586/egh.10.27

Brandon-Warner, 2012, Chronic ethanol feeding accelerates hepatocellular carcinoma progression in a sex-dependent manner in a mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 36, 641, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01660.x

Braun, 1998, Liver disease and compensatory growth: unexpected lessons from genetically altered mice, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 42, 935

Brick, 2009, Intoxication is not always visible: an unrecognized prevention challenge, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 33, 1489, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00979.x

Butura, 2009, The impact of CYP2E1 on the development of alcoholic liver disease as studied in a transgenic mouse model, Journal of Hepatology, 50, 572, 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.020

Carr, 1998, A quantitative trait locus for alcohol consumption in selectively bred rat lines, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 22, 884, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03883.x

CDC, 2009

Chen, 2004, Alcohol consumption among young adults ages 18–24 in the United States: results from the 2001–2002 NESARC survey, Alcohol Research and Health, 28, 269

Chen, 2011, Humanized mice with ectopic artificial liver tissues, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 11842, 10.1073/pnas.1101791108

Chester, 2004, Effects of stress on alcohol consumption in rats selectively bred for high or low alcohol drinking, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 28, 385, 10.1097/01.ALC.0000117830.54371.7A

Cheung, 2008, Humanized mouse lines and their application for prediction of human drug metabolism and toxicological risk assessment, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 327, 288, 10.1124/jpet.108.141242

Copeland, 2005, Acute inflammatory response to endotoxin in mice and humans, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12, 60, 10.1128/CDLI.12.1.60-67.2005

Crabbe, 2011, Preclinical studies of alcohol binge drinking, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1216, 24, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05895.x

DeCarli, 1967, Fatty liver in the rat after prolonged intake of ethanol with a nutritionally adequate new liquid diet, Journal of Nutrition, 91, 331, 10.1093/jn/91.3_Suppl.331

DeNucci, 2010, Rat strain differences in susceptibility to alcohol-induced chronic liver injury and hepatic insulin resistance, Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 10.1155/2010/312790

Dey, 2006, Alcohol and oxidative liver injury, Hepatology, 43, S63, 10.1002/hep.20957

Diehl, 2002, Liver disease in alcohol abusers: clinical perspective, Alcohol, 27, 7, 10.1016/S0741-8329(02)00204-5

DiPadova, 1987, Effects of fasting and chronic alcohol consumption on the first-pass metabolism of ethanol, Gastroenterology, 92, 1169, 10.1016/S0016-5085(87)91073-0

Dorner, 2011, A genetically humanized mouse model for hepatitis C virus infection, Nature, 474, 208, 10.1038/nature10168

Ellefson, 2011, Neonatal androgenization exacerbates alcohol-induced liver injury in adult rats, an effect abrogated by estrogen, PLoS One, 6, e29463, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029463

Enomoto, 1998, Alcohol causes both tolerance and sensitization of rat Kupffer cells via mechanisms dependent on endotoxin, Gastroenterology, 115, 443, 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70211-2

Enomoto, 2007, Anti-inflammatory strategies in alcoholic steatohepatitis, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 22, S59, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04652.x

Enomoto, 1999, Development of a new, simple rat model of early alcohol-induced liver injury based on sensitization of Kupffer cells, Hepatology, 29, 1680, 10.1002/hep.510290633

Espejel, 2010, Induced pluripotent stem cell–derived hepatocytes have the functional and proliferative capabilities needed for liver regeneration in mice, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120, 3120, 10.1172/JCI43267

French, 2001, Intragastric ethanol infusion model for cellular and molecular studies of alcoholic liver disease, Journal of Biomedical Science, 8, 20, 10.1007/BF02255967

Frezza, 1990, High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism, New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 95, 10.1056/NEJM199001113220205

Froehlich, 2010, What aspects of human alcohol use disorders can be modeled using selectively bred rat lines?, Substance Use & Misuse, 45, 1727, 10.3109/10826084.2010.482424

Gao, 2012, Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokines in alcoholic liver disease, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 27, 89, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07003.x

Gao, 2012, Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets, Gastroenterology, 141, 1572, 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.002

Gao, 2011, Innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease, American Journal of Physiology, 300, G516

García-Bañuelos, 2012, Genetic polymorphisms of genes coding to alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in western Mexicans: association of CYP2E1*c2/CYP2E1*5B allele with cirrhosis and liver function, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 36, 425, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01617.x

Gerke, 1997, Alcohol related diseases in general hospital patients, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 32, 179, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008252

Gilpin, 2008, Vapor inhalation of alcohol in rats, Current Protocols in Neuroscience, 10.1002/0471142301.ns0929s44

Grahame, 2003, Blood alcohol concentrations after scheduled access in high-alcohol-preferring mice, Alcohol, 31, 99, 10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.08.002

Guillaume, 1994, Increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide after acute injection of alcohol in rats, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 271, 1656

Gupta, 1987, Transplanted isolated hepatocytes: effect of partial hepatectomy on proliferation of long-term syngeneic implants in rat spleen, Pathology, 19, 28, 10.3109/00313028709065131

de la Hall, 2001, Models of alcoholic liver disease in rodents: a critical evaluation, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 25, 254S, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02405.x

Hall, 1991, Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis after chronic administration of alcohol and “low-dose” carbon tetrachloride vapor in the rat, Hepatology, 13, 815, 10.1016/0270-9139(91)90246-R

Harrison-Findik, 2006, Alcohol metabolism-mediated oxidative stress down-regulates hepcidin transcription and leads to increased duodenal iron transporter expression, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 22974, 10.1074/jbc.M602098200

Herrera, 2003, Selective impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis by chronic alcoholism: protective effects of an antioxidant, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 7919, 10.1073/pnas.1230907100

Holmes, 1986, Biochemical and genetic studies on enzymes of alcohol metabolism: the mouse as a model organism for human studies, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 21, 41

Iimuro, 1997, Female rats exhibit greater susceptibility to early alcohol-induced liver injury than males, American Journal of Physiology, 272, G1186

Ikejima, 1998, Estrogen increases sensitivity of hepatic Kupffer cells to endotoxin, American Journal of Physiology, 274, G669

Jeong, 2008, Innate immunity and alcoholic liver fibrosis, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23, S112, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05274.x

Kampov-Polevoy, 2000, P rats develop physical dependence on alcohol via voluntary drinking: changes in seizure thresholds, anxiety, and patterns of alcohol drinking, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 24, 278, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04608.x

Karaa, 2008, S-adenosyl-L-methionine attenuates oxidative stress and hepatic stellate cell activation in an ethanol-LPS-induced fibrotic rat model, Shock, 30, 197, 10.1097/SHK.0b013e318160f417

Karinch, 2008, Acute and chronic ethanol consumption differentially impact pathways limiting hepatic protein synthesis, American Journal of Physiology, 295, E3

Katoh, 2008, Chimeric mice with humanized liver, Toxicology, 246, 9, 10.1016/j.tox.2007.11.012

Keane, 1989, Rodent models of alcoholism: a review, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 24, 299, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044916

Keegan, 1995, Ethanol-related liver injury in the rat: a model of steatosis, inflammation and pericentral fibrosis, Journal of Hepatology, 23, 591, 10.1016/0168-8278(95)80067-0

Ketcham, 1963, Effects of alcohol in mouse neoplasia, Cancer Research, 23, 667

Ki, 2010, Interleukin-22 treatment ameliorates alcoholic liver injury in a murine model of chronic-binge ethanol feeding: role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Hepatology, 52, 1291, 10.1002/hep.23837

Koike, 2008, Molecular basis for the synergy between alcohol and hepatitis C virus in hepatocarcinogenesis, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23, S87, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05292.x

Kono, 2000, NADPH oxidase–derived free radicals are key oxidants in alcohol-induced liver disease, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 106, 867, 10.1172/JCI9020

Lankford, 1991, Drinking of high concentrations of ethanol versus palatable fluids in alcohol-preferring (P) rats: valid animal model of alcoholism, Alcohol, 8, 293, 10.1016/0741-8329(91)90417-U

Legrand, 2009, Humanized mice for modeling human infectious disease: challenges, progress, and outlook, Cell Host & Microbe, 6, 5, 10.1016/j.chom.2009.06.006

Leo, 1983, Hepatic fibrosis after long-term administration of ethanol and moderate vitamin A supplementation in the rat, Hepatology, 3, 1, 10.1002/hep.1840030101

Li, 2008, Quantifying the risk for alcohol-use and alcohol-attributable health disorders: present findings and future research needs, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23, S2, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05298.x

Li, 1993, Selective breeding for alcohol preference and associated responses, Behavior Genetics, 23, 163, 10.1007/BF01067421

Li, 1987, Rodent lines selected for factors affecting alcohol consumption, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 91

Li, 1988, Pharmacology of alcohol preference in rodents, Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse, 7, 73, 10.1300/J251v07n03_11

Li, 1979, Progress toward a voluntary oral consumption model of alcoholism, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 4, 45, 10.1016/0376-8716(79)90040-1

Lieber, 1991, Biochemical mechanisms of alcohol-induced hepatic injury, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 283

Lieber, 2000, Alcohol and the liver: metabolism of alcohol and its role in hepatic and extrahepatic diseases, Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 67, 84

Lieber, 2005, Metabolism of alcohol, Clinics in Liver Disease, 9, 1, 10.1016/j.cld.2004.10.005

Lieber, 1966, Study of agents for the prevention of the fatty liver produced by prolonged alcohol intake, Gastroenterology, 50, 316, 10.1016/S0016-5085(66)80070-7

Lieber, 1968, Ethanol oxidation by hepatic microsomes: adaptive increase after ethanol feeding, Science, 162, 917, 10.1126/science.162.3856.917

Lieber, 1970, Quantitative relationship between amount of dietary fat and severity of alcoholic fatty liver, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 23, 474, 10.1093/ajcn/23.4.474

Lieber, 1982, The feeding of alcohol in liquid diets: two decades of applications and 1982 update, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 6, 523, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1982.tb05017.x

Lieber, 1989, Liquid diet technique of ethanol administration: 1989 update, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 24, 197

Lieber, 1965, Effects of prolonged ethanol intake: production of fatty liver despite adequate diets, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 44, 1009, 10.1172/JCI105200

Lieber, 1985, Choline fails to prevent liver fibrosis in ethanol-fed baboons but causes toxicity, Heptology, 5, 561, 10.1002/hep.1840050407

Lindros, 1998, A new oral low-carbohydrate alcohol liquid diet producing liver lesions: a preliminary account, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 33, 347, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008403

Lindstedt, 1992, Treatment of hereditary tyrosinaemia type I by inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, Lancet, 340, 813, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92685-9

Liu, 2011, Differential effects of daily-moderate versus weekend-binge alcohol consumption on atherosclerotic plaque development in mice, Atherosclerosis, 219, 448, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.034

Lu, 2008, CYP2E1 and oxidative liver injury by alcohol, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 44, 723, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.004

Lu, 2010, Chronic alcohol-induced liver injury and oxidant stress are decreased in cytochrome P4502E1 knockout mice and restored in humanized cytochrome P4502E1 knock-in mice, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 49, 1406, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.026

Machida, 2009, Toll-like receptor 4 mediates synergism between alcohol and HCV in hepatic oncogenesis involving stem cell marker Nanog, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 1548, 10.1073/pnas.0807390106

Mann, 2003, The epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease, Alcohol Research and Health, 27, 209

Matas, 1976, Hepatocellular transplantation for metabolic deficiencies: decrease of plasma bilirubin in Gunn rats, Science, 192, 892, 10.1126/science.818706

Mathurin, 2007, A patient with alcoholic liver failure referred for liver transplantation, Liver Transplantation, 13, S83, 10.1002/lt.21338

Matson, L. M., & Grahame, N. J. Pharmacologically relevant intake during chronic, free-choice drinking rhythms in selectively bred high alcohol-preferring mice. Addiction Biology, in press, [Epub ahead of print].

Matson, L., Liangpunsakul, S., Crabb, D., Ross, R. A., Halcomb, M., & Grahame, N. Chronic free-choice drinking in crossed high alcohol preferring mice leads to sustained blood ethanol levels and metabolic tolerance without evidence of liver damage. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, in press, [Epub ahead of print].

McBride, 1998, Animal models of alcoholism: neurobiology of high alcohol-drinking behavior in rodents, Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 12, 339, 10.1615/CritRevNeurobiol.v12.i4.40

McCuskey, 2005, Ethanol binging exacerbates sinusoidal endothelial and parenchymal injury elicited by acetaminophen, Journal of Hepatology, 42, 371, 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.033

McKillop, 2006, Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma, Journal of Surgical Research, 136, 125, 10.1016/j.jss.2006.04.013

McKillop, 1997, Altered expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases in a rat model of experimental hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology, 26, 1484, 10.1002/hep.510260615

McKillop, 2009, Role of alcohol in liver carcinogenesis, Seminars in Liver Disease, 29, 222, 10.1055/s-0029-1214377

McKillop, 1999, Enhanced Gi-protein-mediated mitogenesis following chronic ethanol exposure in a rat model of experimental hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatology, 29, 412, 10.1002/hep.510290218

McMillen, 1997, Toward a definition of a valid model of alcoholism: multiple animal models for multiple diseases, Alcohol, 14, 409, 10.1016/S0741-8329(97)90012-4

Mestas, 2004, Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology, Journal of Immunology, 172, 2731, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2731

Michalak, 2003, Respective roles of porto-septal fibrosis and centrilobular fibrosis in alcoholic liver disease, Journal of Pathology, 201, 55, 10.1002/path.1412

Miller, 2011, Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease: innate immunity and cytokines, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 35, 787, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01399.x

Miller, 2012, Hospital-admitted injury attributable to alcohol, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 36, 104, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01593.x

Mueller, 2009, Alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C: a frequently underestimated combination, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 3462, 10.3748/wjg.15.3462

Murphy, 1989, Operant responding for oral ethanol in the alcohol-preferring P and alcohol-nonpreferring NP lines of rats, Alcohol, 6, 127, 10.1016/0741-8329(89)90037-2

Murphy, 1988, Effects of fluoxetine on the intragastric self-administration of ethanol in the alcohol preferring P line of rats, Alcohol, 5, 283, 10.1016/0741-8329(88)90066-3

Naimi, 2003, Binge drinking among US adults, Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 70, 10.1001/jama.289.1.70

Nanji, 2003, Animal models of alcoholic liver disease – focus on the intragastric feeding model, Alcohol Research and Health, 27, 325

Nath, 2009, Alcohol-induced modulation of signaling pathways in liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells: implications for immunity, Seminars in Liver Disease, 29, 166, 10.1055/s-0029-1214372

Patek, 1979, Alcohol, malnutrition, and alcoholic cirrhosis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 32, 1304, 10.1093/ajcn/32.6.1304

Ponnappa, 2000, Modeling alcohol's effects on organs in animal models, Alcohol Research and Health, 24, 93

Qin, 2010, Exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying the potentiation of exogenous growth hormone on alcohol-induced fatty liver diseases in mice, Journal of Translational Medicine, 8, 120, 10.1186/1479-5876-8-120

Ramaiah, 2007, Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of acute inflammatory liver injury, Toxicologic Pathology, 35, 757, 10.1080/01926230701584163

Ramaiah, 2004, Early-phase alcoholic liver disease: an update on animal models, pathology, and pathogenesis, International Journal of Toxicology, 23, 217, 10.1080/10915810490502069

Rao, 2009, Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease, Hepatology, 50, 638, 10.1002/hep.23009

Rhim, 1995, Complete reconstitution of mouse liver with xenogeneic hepatocytes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92, 4942, 10.1073/pnas.92.11.4942

Roberts, 2007, The polymorphism architecture of mouse genetic resources elucidated using genome-wide resequencing data: implications for QTL discovery and systems genetics, Mammalian Genome, 18, 473, 10.1007/s00335-007-9045-1

Robinet, 2011, A first step towards a mouse model for hepatitis C virus infection containing a human immune system, Journal of Hepatology, 55, 718, 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.038

Rouach, 1997, Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in relation to liver pathology, Hepatology, 25, 351, 10.1002/hep.510250216

Sandgren, 1991, Complete hepatic regeneration after somatic deletion of an albumin-plasminogen activator transgene, Cell, 66, 245, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90615-6

Sartipy, 2011, Concise review: human pluripotent stem cell-based models for cardiac and hepatic toxicity assessment, Stem Cells, 29, 744, 10.1002/stem.631

Saunders, 1981, Do women develop alcoholic liver disease more readily than men?, British Medical Journal. Clinical Research Edition, 282, 1140, 10.1136/bmj.282.6270.1140

Schmidt, 1997, Increased MAPK expression and activity in primary human hepatocellular carcinoma, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 236, 54, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6840

Schwabe, 2006, Mechanisms of liver injury. I. TNF-α-induced liver injury: role of IKK, JNK, and ROS pathways, American Journal of Physiology, 290, G583

Seki, 2012, Role of innate immunity and the microbiota in liver fibrosis: crosstalk between the liver and gut, Journal of Physiology, 590, 447, 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.219691

Seth, 2008, Direct effects of alcohol on hepatic fibrinolytic balance: implications for alcoholic liver disease, Journal of Hepatology, 48, 614, 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.015

Shafritz, 2011, Model systems and experimental conditions that lead to effective repopulation of the liver by transplanted cells, International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 43, 198, 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.01.013

Siegmund, 2003, Animal models in gastrointestinal alcohol research-a short appraisal of the different models and their results, Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 17, 519, 10.1016/S1521-6918(03)00033-7

Slawecki, 2000, Effects of prolonged ethanol exposure on neurophysiological measures during an associative learning paradigm, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 125, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00072-1

Sofair, 2010, The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed alcohol-related liver disease: results from population-based surveillance, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 44, 301, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b3f760

Son, 2010, Contribution of gut bacteria to liver pathobiology, Gastroenterology Research and Practice, 10.1155/2010/453563

Sorensen, 1984, Prospective evaluation of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver injury in men as predictors of development of cirrhosis, Lancet, 2, 241, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)90295-2

Sozio, 2008, Alcohol and lipid metabolism, American Journal of Physiology, 295, E10

Su, 2002, Lipopolysaccharides in liver injury: molecular mechanisms of Kupffer cell activation, American Journal of Physiology, 283, G256

Szabo, 2010, Alcoholic liver disease and the gut-liver axis, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 16, 1321, 10.3748/wjg.v16.i11.1321

Tateno, 2004, Near completely humanized liver in mice shows human-type metabolic responses to drugs, American Journal of Pathology, 165, 901, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63352-4

Thomasson, 1993, Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and alcoholism, Behavior Genetics, 23, 131, 10.1007/BF01067417

Thompson, 2011, Targeting collagen expression in alcoholic liver disease, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 17, 2473, 10.3748/wjg.v17.i20.2473

Thurman, 1998, II. Alcoholic liver injury involves activation of Kupffer cells by endotoxin, American Journal of Physiology, 275, G605

Tipoe, 2008, A voluntary oral ethanol-feeding rat model associated with necroinflammatory liver injury, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 32, 669, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00623.x

Tsuchiya, 2012, Inter-strain differences in liver injury and one-carbon metabolism in alcohol-fed mice, Hepatology, 10.1002/hep.25641

Tsukamoto, 1995, Experimental liver cirrhosis induced by alcohol and iron, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 96, 620, 10.1172/JCI118077

Tsukamoto, 2009, “Second hit” models of alcoholic liver disease, Seminars in Liver Disease, 29, 178, 10.1055/s-0029-1214373

Tsukamoto, 1984, Long-term cannulation model for blood sampling and intragastric infusion in the rat, American Journal of Physiology, 247, R595

Underhill, 2007, Assessment of hepatocellular function within PEG hydrogels, Biomaterials, 28, 256, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.043

Urso, 1981, Blood ethanol levels in sober alcohol users seen in an emergency room, Life Sciences, 28, 1053, 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90752-9

Walsh, 2000, Alcoholic liver disease, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 76, 280, 10.1136/pmj.76.895.280

Wheeler, 2000, Chronic ethanol increases adeno-associated viral transgene expression in rat liver via oxidant and NFkappaB-dependent mechanisms, Hepatology, 32, 1050, 10.1053/jhep.2000.19339

Xu, 2003, The fat-derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 112, 91, 10.1172/JCI200317797

Yan, 2011, Enteric dysbiosis associated with a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease, Hepatology, 53, 96, 10.1002/hep.24018

Yin, 1999, Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice, Gastroenterology, 117, 942, 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70354-9

Yip-Schneider, 2011, Alcohol induces liver neoplasia in a novel alcohol-preferring rat model, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 35, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01568.x

You, 2005, Role of adiponectin in the protective action of dietary saturated fat against alcoholic fatty liver in mice, Hepatology, 42, 568, 10.1002/hep.20821

You, 2009, Adiponectin: a key adipokine in alcoholic fatty liver, Experimental Biology and Medicine, 234, 850, 10.3181/0902-MR-61