Robust fault analysis in transmission lines using Synchrophasor measurements
Tóm tắt
As more electric utilities and transmission system operators move toward the smart grid concept, robust fault analysis has become increasingly complex. This paper proposes a methodology for the detection, classification, and localization of transmission line faults using Synchrophasor measurements. The technique involves the extraction of phasors from the instantaneous three-phase voltages and currents at each bus in the system which are then decomposed into their symmetrical components. These components are sent to the phasor data concentrator (PDC) for real-time fault analysis, which is completed within 2–3 cycles after fault inception. The advantages of this technique are its accuracy and speed, so that fault information may be appropriately communicated to facilitate system restoration. The proposed algorithm is independent of the transmission system topology and displays high accuracy in its results, even with varying parameters such as fault distance, fault inception angle and fault impedance. The proposed algorithm is validated using a three-bus system as well as the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) nine bus system. The proposed algorithm is shown to accurately detect the faulted line and classify the fault in all the test cases presented.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ram, B., & Vishwakarma, D. N. (2005). Power system protection and switchgear (pp. pp6–9–119–123). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill publication company limited.
Spoor, D., & Zhu, J. G. (2006). Improved single-ended traveling-wave fault location algorithm based on experience with conventional substation transducers. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 21(3), 1714–1720.
Samantaray, S. R., Dash, P. K., & Panda, G. (2007). Distance relaying for transmission line using support vector machine and radial basis function neural network. Electrical power and energy systems, 29(7), 551–556.
Vazquez-Martinez, E. (2003). A travelling wave distance protection using principle component analysis. International Journal of Electric Power and Energy Systems, 25(6), 471–479.
Youssef, A. S. (2004). Combined fuzzy-logic wavelet-based fault classification technique for power system relaying. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 19(2), 582–589.
Dong, X., Kong, W., & Cui, T. (2009). Fault classification and faulted-phase selection based on the initial current travelling wave. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 24(2), 552–559.
Torabi, N., Karrari, M. Menhaj, M.B. & Karrari, S. (2012). Wavelet Based Fault Classification for Partially Observable Power Systems. Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), Asia-Pacific region, 1–6.
Ferrero, S. (1995). Sangiovanni & Zapitelli, E. A fuzzy set approach to fault type identification in digital relaying IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 10(1), 169–175.
Seethalekshmi, K., Singh, S. N., & Srivastava, S. C. (2012). A classification approach using support vector machines to prevent distance relay Maloperation under power swing and voltage instability. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 27(3), 1124–1133.
Song, Y. H., Xuan, Q. X., & Johns, A. T. (1997). Comparison studies of five neural network based fault classifiers for complex transmission lines. Electrical Power Systems Research, 43(2), 125–132.
Poeltl, M., & Frohlich, K. (1999). Two new methods for very fast fault type detection by means of parameter fitting and artificial neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 14(4), 1269–1275.
Pradhan, A. K., Dash, P. K., & Panda, G. (2001). A fast and accurate distance relaying scheme using an efficient radial basis function neural network. Electrical Power System Research, 60(1), 1–8.
Mahanty, R. N., & Dutta Gupta, P. B. (2004). Application of RBF neural network to fault classification and location in transmission lines. IEEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 151(2), 201–212.
Ramesh, L., Chowdhury, S.P. & Chowdhury, S. (2010). Wide area monitoring protection and control - A comprehensive application review. 10th IET International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, Manchester.
Phadke, G., Ibrahim, M., & Hlibka, T. (1977). Fundamental basis for distance relaying with symmetrical components. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 96(2), 635–646.
Joe-Air, J., Jun-Zhe, Y., Ying-Hong, L., Chih-Wen, L., & Jih-Chen, M. (2000). An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines. I. Theory and algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 15(2), 486–493.
Joe-Air, J., Lin, Y.-H., Yang, J.-Z., Too, T.-M., & Liu, C.-W. (2000). An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique for transmission lines—Part II: PMU implementation and performance evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 15(4), 1136–1146.
Liu, C.-W., Lin, T.-C., Yu, C.-S., & Yang, J.-Z. (2012). A fault location technique for two-terminal multisection compound transmission lines using synchronized phasor measurements. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), 113–121.
Lin, T.-C., Lin, P.-Y., & Liu, C.-W. (2014). An algorithm for locating faults in three-terminal multisection nonhomogeneous transmission lines using Synchrophasor measurements. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(1), 38–50.
He, Z.Y., Li, X.P., He, W., Liu, Y.P. Zhang, S., Mai, R.K. & Qian, Q.Q. (2013). Dynamic fault locator for three-terminal transmission lines for phasor measurement units. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 7(2), 183–191.
Al-Mohammed, A.H., Dammam & Abido, M.A. (2014). Fully Adaptive PMU-Based Fault Location Algorithm for Series-Compensated Lines IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 29 (5), 2129–2137.
Kang, N., & Liao, Y. (2013). Double-circuit transmission-line fault location utilizing synchronized current phasors. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 28(2), 1040–1047.
Neyestanaki, M. K., & Ranjbar, A. M. (2015). An adaptive PMU-based wide area backup protection scheme for power transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(3), 1550–1559.
He, Z. Y., Mai, R. K., He, W., & Qian, Q. Q. (2011). Phasor-measurement-unit-based transmission line fault location estimator under dynamic conditions. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 5(11), 1183–1191.
Gopakumar, P., Reddy, M. J. B., & Mohanta, D. K. (2015). Transmission line fault detection and localisation methodology using PMU measurements. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 9(11), 1033–1042.
Zare, J., Aminifar, F., & Sanaye-Pasand, M. (2015). Synchrophasor-based wide-area backup protection scheme with data requirement analysis. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 30(3), 1410–1419.
Gomez, O., Rios, M. A., & Anders, G. (2014). Reliability-based phasor measurement unit placement in power systems considering transmission line outages and channel limits. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 8(1), 121–130.
Gopakumar, P., Reddy, M. J. B., & Mohanta, D. K. (2015). Fault detection and localization methodology for self-healing in smart power grids incorporating phasor measurement units. Electric Power Components and Systems, 43(6), 695–710.
Das, S., Santoso, S., Gaikwad, A. and Patel, M. (2014) "Impedance-based fault location in transmission networks: theory and application," in IEEE Access, 2, 537–557