Risk factors that may modify the innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal diseases

Periodontology 2000 - Tập 71 Số 1 - Trang 22-51 - 2016
Ellie T. Knight, Jenny Liu, G. J. Seymour, Clóvis Mariano Faggion, M. P. Cullinan

Tóm tắt

AbstractPlaque‐induced periodontal diseases occur in response to the accumulation of dental plaque. Disease manifestation and progression is determined by the nature of the immune response to the bacterial complexes in plaque. In general, predisposing factors for these periodontal diseases can be defined as those factors which retain or hinder the removal of plaque and, depending upon the nature of the immune response to this plaque, the disease will either remain stable and not progress or it may progress and result in chronic periodontitis. In contrast, modifying factors can be defined as those factors that alter the nature or course of the inflammatory lesion. These factors do not cause the disease but rather modify the chronic inflammatory response, which, in turn, is determined by the nature of the innate and adaptive immune responses and the local cytokine and inflammatory mediator networks. Chronic inflammation is characterized by vascular, cellular and repair responses within the tissues. This paper will focus on how common modifying factors, such as smoking, stress, hormonal changes, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and HIV/AIDS, influence each of these responses, together with treatment implications. As treatment planning in periodontics requires an understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, it is important for all modifying factors to be taken into account. For some of these, such as smoking, stress and diabetic control, supportive health behavior advice within the dental setting should be an integral component for overall patient management.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1902/jop.2004.75.3.495

Abraham‐Inpijn L, 1996, The significance of endocrine factors and microorganisms in the development of gingivitis in pregnant women, Stomatologiia (Sofiia), 75, 15

10.1093/ije/dyr029

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00285.x

10.1902/jop.2000.71.12.1874

10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8

10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x

10.1258/rsmsmj.54.2.41

10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1201

10.1902/jop.2006.P04039

10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183

American Diabetes Association, 2005, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 28, 37, 10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.S37

American Diabetes Association.Diabetes statistics. Data from the 2011 national diabetes fact sheet.2011. Date accessed: April 2015 http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/.

10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199712)14:5 <S7::AID-DIA522>3.0.CO;2-R

Arafat A, 1974, The prevalence of pyogenic granuloma in pregnant women, J Baltimore Coll Dent Surg, 29, 64

10.1902/jop.1974.45.8.2.641

Aster JC, 2007, Robbins basic pathology, 441

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02444.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02477.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1987.tb01547.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1983.tb02209.x

Bain CA, 1996, Smoking and implant failure‐benefits of a smoking cessation protocol, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 11, 756

10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00354-9

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1992.tb02173.x

Baxter J, 1987, Osteoporosis: oral manifestations of a systemic disease, Quintessence Int, 18, 427

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01571.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1992.tb00634.x

10.1111/j.1600-0528.1989.tb00626.x

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028007680.x

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027001061.x

10.1902/jop.2000.71.8.1338

10.1902/jop.1991.62.4.242

10.1111/j.1600-0722.1988.tb01405.x

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1986.tb01504.x

10.1902/jop.1994.65.5.545

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2001.280813.x

10.1038/ni1125

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1993.tb02113.x

Bolin A, 1993, The effect of changed smoking habits on marginal alveolar bone loss. A longitudinal study, Swed Dent J, 17, 211

10.1056/NEJMoa030897

10.2337/diabetes.47.10.1643

10.1097/PSY.0b013e318148c682

10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00211.x

10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00087.x

10.1177/154405910808700403

10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb07956.x

10.1002/jlb.40.1.73

10.1097/01.PSY.0000088589.92699.30

10.1177/0022034509337479

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2002.290815.x

10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.005

10.1056/NEJM199711203372101

10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb02801.x

10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0016

10.1902/jop.2000.71.4.521

10.1902/jop.2000.71.3.425

10.1161/01.CIR.0000027569.76671.A8

10.1902/jop.2010.100321

10.1016/0041-008X(90)90046-W

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028004331.x

10.5051/jkape.2009.39.S.261

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02417.x

10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034

10.1902/jop.1969.40.10.563

10.1902/jop.1971.42.10.653

Cohen‐Cole SA, 1983, Psychiatric, psychosocial, and endocrine correlates of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth): a preliminary report, Psychiatr Med, 1, 215

10.1034/j.1600-0757.2000.2220108.x

10.1016/0378-5122(96)00992-9

10.1136/ard.59.7.555

Crouch S, 1995, The effect of pregnancy on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, J Immunol, 155, 5436, 10.4049/jimmunol.155.11.5436

Cucalon A, 1990, Relationship between compliance by adolescent orthodontic patients and performance on psychological tests, Angle Orthod, 60, 107

10.1007/BF02207955

10.1016/0268-960X(88)90023-9

10.1016/j.diabet.2008.03.006

10.1902/jop.2007.070072

10.1002/eji.1830191221

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb00440.x

Dean L, 2004, The genetic landscape of diabetes, NBK1666

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028005459.x

Delaney JE, 1986, Subgingival microbiota associated with puberty: studies of pre‐, circum‐, and postpubertal human females, Pediatr Dent, 8, 268

10.1093/icb/42.3.556

10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5511

10.1902/jop.2004.75.1.16

10.1177/00220345970760100501

10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141053

10.1111/j.1600-0528.1991.tb00168.x

10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00144-6

10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61794-3

10.1902/jop.2006.77.1.88

10.1016/0090-6980(76)90155-6

10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00328.x

10.1056/NEJMoa062360

10.1111/j.1447-0594.2009.00518.x

10.1902/jop.2006.050252

10.1038/oby.2006.50

10.1902/jop.2000.71.3.454

10.1136/bmj.322.7283.377

10.1067/mpd.2000.105141

10.1902/jop.2005.76.1.11

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.01001.x

Ferretti GA, 1988, Control of oral mucositis and candidiasis in marrow transplantation: a prospective, double‐blind trial of chlorhexidine digluconate oral rinse, Bone Marrow Transplant, 3, 483

10.1161/01.CIR.102.1.42

10.1111/jcpe.12053

10.1001/jama.287.3.356

10.1902/jop.1970.41.1.36

Friederici H, 1967, The early response of uterine capillaries to estrogen stimulation. An electron microscopic study, Lab Invest, 17, 322

10.1902/jop.1991.62.10.623

10.1016/j.bbi.2004.09.003

10.1126/science.6200936

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2002.290814.x

10.1902/jop.1999.70.7.711

10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.288

Geng Y, 1996, Effects of nicotine on the immune response. II. Chronic nicotine treatment induces T cell anergy, J Immunol, 156, 2384, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.7.2384

10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260109.x

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2001.280808.x

10.1902/jop.1963.34.4.366

10.1086/648729

10.1016/0300-483X(87)90113-2

10.1038/nri1571

10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.450

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1982.tb02108.x

Grassi M, 1988, Perspectives on oral manifestations of AIDS, 119

10.1902/jop.2008.080183

10.1016/0030-4220(82)90483-2

10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02308-2

10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.51

10.1902/jop.1995.66.1.23

10.1902/jop.1994.65.3.260

10.1902/jop.1956.27.4.255

10.1016/S0300-595X(75)80033-8

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01236.x

10.1038/nri1706

10.1902/jop.1992.63.2.100

10.1902/jop.1993.64.1.16

10.1053/lc.1999.v133.a94931

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00765.x

10.1002/dmr.5610060202

Harris MI, 1987, Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in US population aged 20–74 years, Diabetes, 36, 523, 10.2337/diab.36.4.523

10.1111/j.1447-0594.2003.00116.x

10.1177/154405910808700114

10.1210/endo-30-4-598

10.17796/jcpd.35.3.u5kx28q33m760834

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01260.x

Hilgers KK, 2003, Adolescent pregnancy: a review of dental treatment guidelines, Pediatr Dent, 25, 459

10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01244.x

10.2105/AJPH.83.9.1265

10.1902/jop.1994.65.11.996

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1967.tb01991.x

10.1007/s00520-010-0873-2

10.1902/jop.1979.50.8.419

10.1902/jop.1992.63.4.297

10.1172/JCI117936

10.1126/science.7678183

Hugoson A, 1971, Gingivitis in pregnant women. A longitudinal clinical study, Odontol Revy, 22, 65

10.1111/j.1601-0825.1995.tb00187.x

10.1902/annals.2001.6.1.125

10.1177/00220345010800090901

10.14219/jada.archive.1983.0137

10.1016/S0165-2478(98)00021-2

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2002.290812.x

10.1902/jop.2009.090283

10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.11.003

10.2105/AJPH.83.9.1271

10.3109/10408449009089870

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.01002.x

10.1210/jc.2003-031219

10.1001/archinte.163.18.2187

10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E745

10.1016/0030-4220(51)90432-X

10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.006

10.1902/jop.2008.080022

10.1136/bmj.322.7277.15

10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92899-5

10.2337/diacare.25.10.1862

10.1097/00002030-199709000-00005

Klokkevold PR, 2007, How do smoking, diabetes, and periodontitis affect outcomes of implant treatment?, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 22, 173

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1980.tb00265.x

10.1111/j.1600-0501.2005.01245.x

10.1177/00220345970760100601

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01770.x

10.1111/j.1600-0757.2004.03793.x

10.1016/0964-1955(92)90036-Z

Lal S, 2007, Gingival bleeding in 6‐to 13‐year‐old children with diabetes mellitus, Pediatr Dent, 29, 426

10.1172/JCI8942

10.1902/annals.2000.5.1.79

10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0363

10.1902/jop.2005.76.7.1113

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1986.tb01517.x

Lange RD, 1981, Cyclic neutropenia: review of clinical manifestations and management, J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 3, 363

10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02448.x

10.1016/S0378-5122(00)00138-9

10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.03009.x

10.1902/jop.2006.060220

10.1902/jop.2009.080387

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.01032.x

10.1034/j.1600-0501.1996.070405.x

10.1177/00220345970760100801

10.2337/diacare.26.12.3230

10.1080/08964289709596366

Little JW, 2008, Dental management of the medically compromised patient, 273

10.1177/154405910608500606

10.2337/diacare.16.1.329

10.3109/00016356309011240

10.1902/jop.1965.36.3.177

10.1902/jop.2004.75.4.557

10.1902/jop.2011.110227

10.1902/jop.2002.73.8.911

10.1086/644772

10.1016/0030-4220(92)90096-9

10.1172/JCI29881

10.1902/jop.1992.63.11.908

10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260607.x

10.1016/S0889-8529(03)00071-9

10.1189/jlb.72.3.429

10.1016/0030-4220(49)90365-5

Mandel MA, 1978, Impairment of cell‐mediated immunity in mutation diabetic mice (db/db), J Immunol, 120, 1375, 10.4049/jimmunol.120.4.1375

10.1016/0090-1229(90)90079-6

10.1089/aid.1990.6.1451

10.1016/0277-9536(92)90054-T

10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.135

10.1177/10454411940050010201

10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00424.x

10.1006/brbi.1998.0537

10.1126/science.1226918

10.3109/13697137.2010.500749

10.1902/jop.2004.75.4.586

10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00720-1

10.1016/j.joms.2005.07.010

10.1902/jop.2005.76.3.426

10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01727.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01304.x

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.10284.x

10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00327.x

10.1111/j.1752-7325.1998.tb03012.x

10.1016/0378-5122(92)90003-M

10.1902/jop.1981.52.4.167

10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00193.x

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027004236.x

10.1111/j.1744-1609.2010.00171.x

10.1084/jem.20041196

Meldrum DR, 1981, Changes in circulating steroids with aging in postmenopausal women, Obstet Gynecol, 57, 624

Metzger BE, 2007, Summary and recommendations of the fifth international workshop‐conference on gestational diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 30, 251, 10.2337/dc07-s225

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb00094.x

10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0250

10.1056/NEJMoa062249

10.1200/JCO.2003.99.132

Ministry of Health, 2008, A portrait of health. Key results of the 2006/07 New Zealand health survey

10.1111/j.1754-4505.2006.tb01441.x

10.1902/jop.1992.63.1.28

10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60948-9

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1989.tb01674.x

10.1001/jama.295.14.1681

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00611.x

10.1902/jop.1996.67.10s.1060

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00703.x

10.1016/j.joms.2006.10.074

10.1056/NEJM197103252841201

Moy PK, 2005, Dental implant failure rates and associated risk factors, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 20, 569

10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00060-0

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.20039.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00783.x

10.1038/sj.bdj.4803220

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01133.x

10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260908.x

10.1111/j.1752-7325.2006.tb02574.x

10.1016/S0232-1513(11)80218-5

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01678.x

10.1016/0003-9969(92)90108-K

10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.107

10.1189/jlb.1207832

10.1007/s001250051309

10.1080/03009742.1998.11720787

Østensen M, 2007, Semin Immunopathol, 185

10.1111/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01093.x

Overholser CD, 1982, Periodontal infection in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: prevalence of acute exacerbations, Arch Intern Med, 142, 551, 10.1001/archinte.1982.00340160131025

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00786.x

10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.1

Paredes R, 2010, Pre‐existing minority drug‐resistant HIV‐1 variants, adherence, and risk of antiretroviral treatment failure, J Infect Dis, 201, 662

10.1016/0221-8747(82)90002-9

10.1016/S0003-9969(96)00053-2

10.1902/jop.2011.110130

10.1111/odi.12103

10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70114-8

10.1007/s001980050191

Peleg M, 2006, Healing in smokers versus nonsmokers: survival rates for sinus floor augmentation with simultaneous implant placement, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 21, 551

10.1016/0030-4220(77)90055-X

10.1902/jop.2001.72.1.90

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.00237.x

10.1902/jop.2007.060371

10.1073/pnas.0705408104

10.1016/0030-4220(81)90148-1

10.1172/JCI113032

10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61815-7

10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90115-0

Pinto LP, 2006, Prevention of oral lesions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 70, 847

Pistorius J, 2003, Dental treatment concepts for pregnant patients‐results of a survey, Eur J Med Res, 8, 241

10.1034/j.1600-0765.2002.00317.x

10.1385/CRIAI:26:3:161

10.1016/0030-4220(93)90087-K

10.1002/1096-9101(1994)14:2<178::AID-LSM1900140211>3.0.CO;2-W

10.1111/j.1600-0722.1986.tb01372.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1986.tb02229.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1990.tb01098.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00779.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00728.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00558.x

10.1902/jop.1999.70.10.1209

10.1128/iai.64.7.2500-2505.1996

10.1902/jop.1998.69.2.171

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1994.tb01172.x

10.1111/j.1600-0722.1992.tb01080.x

10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06097.x

10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00400.x

Rees TD, 2002, Newman MG, 415

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02421.x

10.1046/j.0904-2512.2001.joptest.doc.x

10.1210/jcem-3-4-224

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1992.tb01707.x

10.1016/0030-4220(92)90287-Z

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02437.x

10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1579

10.1902/jop.2001.72.2.204

10.1902/jop.2003.74.9.1361

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027010778.x

10.1016/0167-5699(94)90075-2

10.1096/fasebj.5.10.1676689

10.2337/diacare.22.2.345

10.1016/0090-1229(89)90144-X

10.1016/j.joms.2004.02.004

10.1034/j.1600-0757.2000.2230108.x

10.1902/jop.2002.73.9.1071

Salvi GE, 1998, PGE2, IL‐1b, and TNF‐a responses in diabetics as modifiers of periodontal disease expression, Ann Periodontol, 3, 40, 10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.40

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01282.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01178.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00682.x

10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60602-9

10.1902/jop.2001.72.1.43

10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60702-2

Sengen JC, 2006, Concise dictionary of modern medicine

10.1007/BF01534553

SevereP PapeJ FitzgeraldD.A randomized clinical trial of early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV‐infected patients with a CD4 T cell count of 200–350 cells/ml (CIPRAHT001). In: 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2009:12–15.

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1982.tb01151.x

Seymour GJ, 1978, Enzyme differentiation of lymphocyte subpopulations in sections of human lymph nodes, tonsils and periodontal disease, Clin Exp Immunol, 32, 169

10.1080/000163501750266765

10.1111/j.1601-0825.1996.tb00209.x

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1979.tb00216.x

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1983.tb00373.x

Seymour GJ, 1995, Basic immunology: an introduction for the health sciences

10.1902/jop.1969.40.4.240

Shapiro S, 1985, Postmenopausal osteoporosis: dental patients at risk, Gerodontics, 1, 220

10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007

10.1902/jop.1977.48.6.346

10.1177/154405910708600314

10.3109/00016356408993968

10.3109/00016356609028739

10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.00993.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb00799.x

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02481.x

10.1902/jop.2006.77.1.81

10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69157-5

Simpson TC, 2010, Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD004714

10.1086/522182

10.1056/NEJMoa012578

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb00805.x

10.1590/S0103-64402011000400009

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2002.290502.x

10.1007/s00520-008-0532-z

10.1016/S0306-4530(97)00076-0

10.1902/jop.1990.61.1.51

10.1902/jop.1993.64.12.1225

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01083.x

10.3164/jcbn.11-103

10.2337/diacare.26.1.250

10.1111/j.1600-0765.1972.tb00631.x

10.14219/jada.archive.1991.0212

10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318224a15f

Tanaka S‐I, 2001, T lymphopaenia in relation to body mass index and TNF‐α in human obesity: adequate weight reduction can be corrective, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 54, 347

10.1136/adc.51.3.170

10.1016/j.joms.2003.09.001

10.1902/annals.1998.3.1.30

10.2337/dc09-1378

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb01121.x

10.1902/jop.2001.72.2.183

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00503.x

10.1902/jop.2000.71.9.1492

10.1001/jama.2010.1004

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027010787.x

10.1902/jop.1995.66.12.1056

10.1902/jop.2000.71.5.743

10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00524.x

Tonetti MS, 1995, Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal healing following GTR in infrabony defects, J Clin Periodontol, 22, 229, 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb00139.x

10.1210/jc.85.9.3109

Trott J, 1957, An histological investigation into the keratinization found in human gingiva, Br Dent J, 103, 421

10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.300304.x

10.1111/j.1600-0714.1993.tb01051.x

Uited Nations AIDS.UNAIDS World AIDS day report 2012.2012. Date accessed: March 2015 http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2434_WorldAIDSday_results_en_1.pdf.

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.00080.x

10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028010955.x

10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15e18.x

10.1902/jop.2001.72.5.666

10.1034/j.1600-051X.2003.10271.x

10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60676-9

10.1902/jop.1996.67.10s.1076

Wallace R, 2000, The relationship between cigarette smoking and dental implant failure, Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent, 8, 103

10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00076-3

10.1016/0030-4220(89)90269-7

10.1093/med/9780199235292.001.1

Wei JN, 2003, National surveillance for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taiwanese children, J Am Med Assoc, 290, 1345, 10.1001/jama.290.10.1345

10.1097/00002820-198910000-00001

10.1172/JCI200319246

10.1056/NEJMoa031049

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00540.x

Whitney J, 1989, Physiologic effects of tissue oxygenation on wound healing, Heart Lung, 18, 466

10.1111/j.1600-051X.1991.tb01132.x

10.1016/0735-1097(95)00522-6

10.1902/jop.2001.72.11.1535

10.1902/jop.2002.73.11.1343

10.1902/jop.2005.76.1.90

10.1016/0030-4220(92)90186-T

10.1902/jop.1987.58.4.219

World Health Organisation.Research on the menopause in the 1990s. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. In: WHO technical services department series.1996:866:1–107.

10.1016/j.ajog.2006.06.035

10.1902/jop.2002.73.2.173

10.1902/jop.1993.64.7.651

10.1097/00004872-199312000-00005

10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01359.x

10.1155/2012/732902

10.1007/s001250051188

10.1038/414782a

10.1177/00220345350150060501