Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID‐19 patients: A review

Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - Tập 76 Số 2 - Trang 428-455 - 2021
Yadong Gao1, Mei Ding1,2, Xiang Dong1, Jinjin Zhang1, Ahmet Kürşat Azkur3, Dilek Azkur4, Hui Gan1, Yuanli Sun1, Wei Fu1, Wei Li1, Huiling Liang1, Yiyuan Cao5, Yan Qi6, Can Cao1, Hongyu Gao6, Marie‐Charlotte Brüggen7,8,9, Willem van de Veen2, Milena Sokołowska2, Mübeccel Akdiş2, Cezmi A. Akdiş2
1Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
2Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
3Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
4Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
5Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
6Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Huazhong, China
7Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
8Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
9Hochgebirgsklinik Davos Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland

Tóm tắt

AbstractThe pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has caused an unprecedented global social and economic impact, and high numbers of deaths. Many risk factors have been identified in the progression of COVID‐19 into a severe and critical stage, including old age, male gender, underlying comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic lung diseases, heart, liver and kidney diseases, tumors, clinically apparent immunodeficiencies, local immunodeficiencies, such as early type I interferon secretion capacity, and pregnancy. Possible complications include acute kidney injury, coagulation disorders, thoromboembolism. The development of lymphopenia and eosinopenia are laboratory indicators of COVID‐19. Laboratory parameters to monitor disease progression include lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β, Krebs von den Lungen‐6 (KL‐6), and ferritin. The development of a cytokine storm and extensive chest computed tomography imaging patterns are indicators of a severe disease. In addition, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, geographical differences, ethnicity, exposed viral load, day of initiation of treatment, and quality of health care have been reported to influence individual outcomes. In this review, we highlight the scientific evidence on the risk factors of severity of COVID‐19.

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Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Tập 76 Số 2

428-455

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