Risk factors for lung cancer among Canadian women who have never smoked

National Cancer Institute of Canada: Canadian Cancer Statistics 2000. Toronto, Canada, 2001. Doll, 1952, A study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung, Br. Med. J., 2, 1271, 10.1136/bmj.2.4797.1271 Parkin, 1993, Lung cancer: worldwide variation in occurrence and proportion attributable to tobacco use, Lung Cancer, 9, 1, 10.1016/0169-5002(93)90649-I Kalandidi, 1990, Passive smoking and diet in the etiology of lung cancer among non-smokers, Cancer Causes Control, 1, 15, 10.1007/BF00053179 Tredaniel, 1997, Non-smoker lung cancer deaths attributable to exposure to spouse’s environmental tobacco smoke, Int. J. Epidemiol., 26, 939, 10.1093/ije/26.5.939 Nyberg, 1998, Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in non-smokers: does time since exposure play a role?, Epidemiology, 9, 301, 10.1097/00001648-199805000-00015 Zaridze, 1998, Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of lung cancer in non-smoking women from Moscow, Russia, Int. J. Cancer, 30, 335, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980130)75:3<335::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-3 Bennett, 1999, Environmental tobacco smoke, genetic susceptibility, and risk of lung cancer in never-smoking women, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91, 2009, 10.1093/jnci/91.23.2009 Ko, 1997, Risk factors for primary lung cancer among non-smoking women in Taiwan, Int. J. Epidemiol., 26, 24, 10.1093/ije/26.1.24 Zhong, 1999, Lung cancer and indoor air pollution arising from Chinese-style cooking among non-smoking women living in Shanghai, China, Epidemiology, 10, 488, 10.1097/00001648-199909000-00005 Keller, 1993, Risk factors for lung cancer among non-smoking Illinois residents, Environ. Res., 60, 1, 10.1006/enrs.1993.1001 Alavanja, 1993, Saturated fat intake and lung cancer risk among non-smoking women in Missouri, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85, 1906, 10.1093/jnci/85.23.1906 Alavanja, 1992, Pre-existing lung disease and lung cancer among non-smoking women, Am. J. Epidemiol., 136, 623, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116542 Schwartz, 1996, Familial risk of lung cancer among non-smokers and their relatives, Am. J. Epidemiol., 144, 554, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008965 Brownson, 1997, Family history of cancer and risk of lung cancer in lifetime non-smokers and long-term ex-smokers, Int. J. Epidemiol., 26, 256, 10.1093/ije/26.2.256 Mayne, 1999, Familial cancer history and lung cancer risk in United States non-smoking men and women, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8, 1065 Koo, 1988, Dietary habits and lung cancer risk among Chinese females in Hong Kong who never smoked, Nutr. Cancer, 11, 155, 10.1080/01635588809513983 Candelora EC, Stockwell HG, Armstrong AW, Pinkham PA. Dietary intake and risk of lung cancer in women who never smoked. Nutr Cancer 1992;17:263–70. Mayne, 1994, Dietary β-carotene and lung cancer risk in US non-smokers, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 86, 33, 10.1093/jnci/86.1.33 Nyberg, 1998, Dietary factors and risk of lung cancer in never-smokers, Int. J. Cancer, 9, 430, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19981109)78:4<430::AID-IJC7>3.0.CO;2-V Brennan, 2000, A multicenter case-control study of diet and lung cancer among non-smokers, Cancer Causes Control, 11, 49, 10.1023/A:1008909519435 Brownson, 1998, Epidemiology and prevention of lung cancer in non-smokers, Epidemiol. Rev., 20, 218, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017982 Johnson, 1998, The Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group, The National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System: a case-control approach to environment-related cancer surveillance in Canada, Environmetrics, 9, 495, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199809/10)9:5<495::AID-ENV318>3.0.CO;2-H Block, 1986, A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing, Am. J. Epidemiol., 124, 453, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114416 Health and Welfare Canada. Nutrient value of some common foods. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada, 1988. Statistics Canada. Standard Occupational Classification, Statistics Canada, Standards Division, Ottawa, 1980. General Register Office. Classification of occupations 1966. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966. The SAS System for Windows Release 6.12, SAS Institute Inc., 1996. Sen, 1980, Further studies on the occurrence of volatile and non-volatile nitrosamines in foods, IARC Sci. Publ., 31, 457 Ziegler, 1996, Nutrition and lung cancer, Cancer Causes Control, 7, 157, 10.1007/BF00115646 Bandera, 1997, Diet and alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in the New York State Cohort (United States), Cancer Causes Control, 8, 828, 10.1023/A:1018456127018 De Stefani, 1997, Fatty foods and the risk of lung cancer: a case-control study from Uruguay, Int. J. Cancer, 71, 760, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970529)71:5<760::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-C Sinha, 1998, Fried, well-done red meat and risk of lung cancer in women (United States), Cancer Causes Control, 9, 621, 10.1023/A:1008805525525 Breslow, 2000, Diet and lung cancer mortality: a 1987 National Health Interview Survey cohort study, Cancer Cause Control, 11, 419, 10.1023/A:1008996208313 Jain, 1990, Dietary factors and risk of lung cancer: results from a case-control study, Toronto, 1981–1985, Int. J. Cancer, 45, 287, 10.1002/ijc.2910450214 Veierod, 1997, Dietary fat intake and risk of lung cancer: a prospective study of 51,452 Norwegian men and women, Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 6, 540, 10.1097/00008469-199712000-00009 Swanson, 1997, Dietary fats and lung cancer risk among women: the Missouri Women’s Health Study (United States), Cancer Causes Control, 8, 883, 10.1023/A:1018468429744 Sankaranarayanan, 1994, A case-control study of diet and lung cancer in Kerala, south India, Int. J. Cancer, 58, 644, 10.1002/ijc.2910580505 Axelsson, 1996, Dietary factors and lung cancer among men in west Sweden, Int. J. Epidemiol., 25, 32, 10.1093/ije/25.1.32 Yang, 1993, Tea and cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85, 1038, 10.1093/jnci/85.13.1038 Yang, 1997, Characterization of early pulmonary hyperproliferation and tumour progression and their inhibition by black tea in a 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis model with A/J mice, Cancer Res., 57, 1889 Shi, 1994, Effects of green tea and black tea on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone bioactivation. DNA methylation, and lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice, Cancer Res., 54, 4641 Ho CT, Che CW, Wanasundara UN, et al. Natural antioxidants from tea. In: Shahidi F, editor. Natural antioxidants: chemistry, health effects, and applications. Champaign (IL): American Oil Chemists Society Press, 1997. p. 213–23. Katiyar, 1996, Tea in chemoprevention of cancer: epidemiologic and experimental studies, Int. J. Oncol., 8, 221 Heilbrun, 1986, Black tea consumption and cancer risk: a prospective study, Br. J. Cancer, 54, 677, 10.1038/bjc.1986.226 Zheng, 1996, Tea consumption and cancer incidence in a prospective cohort study of post-menopausal women, Am. J. Epidemiol., 144, 175, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008905 La Vecchia, 1992, Tea consumption and cancer risk, Nutr. Cancer, 17, 27, 10.1080/01635589209514170 Voorrips, 2000, Vegetable and fruit consumption and lung cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, Cancer Causes Control, 11, 101, 10.1023/A:1008906706084 Knekt, 1997, Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms, Am. J. Epidemiol., 146, 223, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009257 Fraser, 1991, Diet and lung cancer in California seventh-day adventists, Am. J. Epidemiol., 133, 683, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115943 Yong, 1997, Intake of Vitamins E, C, and A and risk of lung cancer: the NHANES 1 epidemiologic follow-up study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 146, 231, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009258 Boffetta, 1998, Multicenter case-control study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in Europe, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 90, 1440, 10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440 Boffetta, 1999, Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung, Int. J. Cancer, 83, 635, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991126)83:5<635::AID-IJC12>3.0.CO;2-E Copeland, 1977, Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk, Am. J. Epidemiol., 105, 488, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112408 Mao, 2001, Socio-economic status and lung cancer risk in Canada, Int. J. Epidemiol., 30, 809, 10.1093/ije/30.4.809 Hein, 1992, Lung cancer risk and social class: the Copenhagen male study 17-year follow-up, Dan. Med. Bull., 39, 173 Van Loon, 1995, Lung cancer: is there an association with socio-economic status in The Netherlands?, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 49, 65, 10.1136/jech.49.1.65 Van Loon, 1997, Socio-economic status and lung cancer incidence in men in The Netherlands: is there a role for occupational exposure?, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 51, 24, 10.1136/jech.51.1.24