Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Youth Firearm Access, Possession or Carrying

American Journal of Criminal Justice - Tập 45 - Trang 844-864 - 2020
Sabrina Arredondo Mattson1, Eric Sigel2, Melissa C. Mercado3
1University of Colorado Boulder, Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Boulder, USA
2University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
3Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA

Tóm tắt

Firearm homicide and suicide are the leading causes of violence-related injury deaths among U.S. youth. However, evaluations of the effectiveness of firearm violence prevention programs and strategies to reducing youth firearm violence are limited. To help inform and evaluate such efforts, this study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with youth firearm access, possession or carrying (for reasons other than hunting or target shooting) among a sample of U.S. urban youth in the Mountain West. Findings show the influence that youth violence risk (e.g., having friends engaged in delinquency; violence; drug sales; gang fights; exposure to violence; screening positive for violence risk) can have on youth firearm access, possession or carrying. Implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.

Tài liệu tham khảo

American Academy of Pediatrics. (2012). Committee on injury and poison prevention. Firearm injuries affecting the pediatric population. Pediatrics, 130(5), e1416–e1423. American Psychological Association. (2013). Gun violence: Prediction,prevention, and policy. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-prevention.aspx Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., Pollard, J. A., Catalano, R. F., & Baglioni, A. J. (2002). Measuring risk and protective factors for substance use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors: The communities that care youth survey. Evaluation Review, 26, 575–601. Asking Saves Kids. (2015) Retrieved February 25, 2017, from http://askingsaveskids.org/ Beardslee, J., Docherty, M., Vevette, J. H., Yang, B. S., & Pardini, D. (2019). Parental disengagement in childhood and adolescent male gun carrying. Pediatrics, 143(4), e20181552. Bingenheimer, J. B., Brennan, R. T., & Earls, F. J. (2005). Firearm violence exposure and serious violent behavior. Science, 308, 1323–1326. Black, S., & Hausman, A. (2008). Adolescents’ views of guns in a high-violence community. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23(5), 592–610. Braga, A. A., & Kennedy, D. M. (2001). The illicit acquisition of firearms by youth and juveniles. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29(5), 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(01)00103-9. Branas, C. C., Cheney, R. A., MacDonald, J. M., Tam, V. W., Jackson, T. D., & Have, T. R. (2011). A difference-in-differences analysis of health, safety, and greening vacant urban space. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(11), 1296–1306. Branas, C. C., Kondo, M. C., Murphy, S. M., South, E. C., Polsky, D., & MacDonald, J. M. (2016). Urban blight remediation as a cost-beneficial solution to firearm violence. American Journal of Public Health, 106(12), 2158–2164. Bushman, B. J., Newman, K., Calvert, S. L., Downey, G., Dredze, M., Gottfredson, M., & Webster, D. W. (2016). Youth violence: What we know and what we need to know. American Psychologist, 71(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039687. Butts, J. A., Roman, C. G., Bostwick, L., & Porter, J. R. (2015). Cure violence: A public health model to reduce gun violence. Annual Review of Public Health, 39, 39–53. Callahan, C., & Rivara, F. (1992). Urban high school youth and handguns: A school-based survey. JAMA, 267(22), 3038–3042. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480220056027. Carter, P. M., Cook, L. J., Macy, M. L., Zonfrillo, M. R., Stanley, R. M., Chamberlain, J. M., Fein, J. A., Alpern, E. R., & Cunningham, R. M. (2017). Individual and neighborhood characteristics of children seeking emergency department care for firearm injuries within the PECARN network. Academic Emergency Medicine, 24, 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13200. Carter, P. M., Walton, M. A., Newton, M. F., Clery, M., Whiteside, L. K., Zimmerman, M. A., & Cunningham, R. M. (2013). Firearm possesion among adolescents presenting to an urban emergency department for assault. Pediatrics, 132(2), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0163. Carter, P. M., Walton, M. A., Roehler, D. R., Goldstick, J., Zimmerman, M. A., Blow, F. C., & Cunningham, R. M. (2015). Firearm violence among high-risk emergency department youth after an assault injury. Pediatrics, 135(5), 805–815. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3572. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017. Februrary). Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/questionnaires.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars Copeland-Linder, N., Jones, V. C., Haynie, D. L., Simons-Morton, B. G., Wright, J. L., & Cheng, T. L. (2007). Factors associated with retaliatory attitudes among African American adolescents who have been assaulted. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(7), 760–770. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm007. Cornell, D., & Guerra, N.G. (2013). Introduction. In APA, Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-report.pdf. Dahlberg, L., & Krug, E. (2002). Violence - a global public health problem. In E. Krug, L. Dahlberg, J. Mercy, A. Zwi, & R. Lozano (Eds.), World report on violence and health (pp. 1–56). Geneva: World Health Organization. Dahlberg, L., & Simon, T. (2006). Predicting and preventing youth violence: developmental pathways and risk. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Preventing Violence: research and evidence-based intervention strategies (pp. 97–124). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. David-Ferdon, C., and Simon, T. (2014). Preventing youth violence: Opportunities for action. Retrieved from Atlanta, GA: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/pdf/opportunities-for-action.pdf. David-Ferdon, C., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Dahlberg, L. L., Marshall, K. J., Rainford, N., & Hall, J. E. (2016). A comprehensive technical package for the prevention of youth violence and associated risk behaviors. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Decker, S. H., & Curry, D. G. (2002). Gangs, gang homicides, and gang loyalty: Organized crime or disorganized criminals. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(4), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00134-4. Dishion, T. J., Véronneau, M., & Myers, M. W. (2010). Cascading peer dynamics underlying the progression from problem behavior to violence in early to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000313. Docherty, M., Beardslee, J., Grimm, K.J., Pardini, D., & National Library of Medicine. (2019). Distinguishing between-individal from within-individual predictors of gun carrying amoung black and white males acrross adolescence. Law and Human Behavior, 43(2) 144–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000320. Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., & Malone, P. S. (2008). Testing an idealized dynamic cascade model of development of serious violence in adolscence. Child Development, 79(6), 1907–1927. Glaser, R. R., van Horn, M. L., Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2005). Measurement properties of the communities that care youth survey across demographic groups. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 73–102. Goodman, A., Lamping, D. L., & Ploubidis, G. B. (2010). When to use broader internalising and externalising subscales instead of the hypothesised five subscales on the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ): Data from British parents, teachers and children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 1179–1191. Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581–586. Grinshteyn, E., & Hemenway, D. (2019). Violent death rates in the US compared to those of the other high-income countries. Preventive Medicine, 123, 20–26. Hardy, M. S. (2002). Behavior-oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. The Future of Children: Children, Youth, and Gun Violence, 12(2), 101–117. Hawkins, J. D., Oesterle, S., Brown, E. C., Monahan, K. C., Abbott, R. D., Arthur, M. W., & Catalano, R. F. (2012). Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the communities that care prevention system in a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 166(2), 141–148. Hemenway, D., Vriniotis, M., Johnson, R. M., Miller, M., & Azrael, D. (2011). Gun carrying by high school students in Boston, MA: Does overestimation of peer gun carrying matter? Journal of Adolescence, 34(5), 997–1003. Hepburn, L., Azrael, D., Miller, M., & Hemenway, D. (2006). The effect of child access prevention laws on unintentional child firearm fatalities, 1979-2000. The Journal of Trauma, 61(2), 423–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000226396.51850.fc. Huizinga, D. (2016). Denver Youth Survey Waves 1–5, (1988–1992) [Denver, Colorado]. ICPSR36473-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2016-06-24. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36473.v1 accessed online. IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council) (2013). Priorities for research to reduce the threat of firearm-related violence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Juan, S., & Hemenway, D. (2017). From depression to youth school gun carrying in America: Social connectedness may help break the link. Cogent Social Sciences, 3, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1314877. Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., et al. (2018). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2017. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(SS-8), 1–114. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6708a14. Kellermann, A.L., Fuqua-Whitley, D., & Parramore, C.S. (2006). Reducing gun violence: Community problem solving in Atlanta (NCJ publication no. 209800). https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/209800.pdf Kemal, S., Sheehan, K., & Feinglass, J. (2018). Gun carrying among freshmen and sophomors in Chicago, New York City and Los Angeles public schools: The youth risk behavior survey, 2007-2013. Injury Epidemiology, 5(Suppl 1), 47–53. Khubchandani, J., & Price, J. H. (2018). Violent behaviors, weapon carrying, and firearm homicide trends in African American adolescents, 2001-2015. Journal of Community Health, 43, 947–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-018-0510-4. Kim, J. (2018). Beyond the trigger: The mental health consequences of in-home firearm access amoung children of gun owners. Social Science and Medicine, 203, 51–59. Kinscherff, R. (2013). Introduction. In APA (Ed.), Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy (pp. 7–12). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-report.pdf. Kinscherff, R., Guerra, N. G., & Williamson, A. A. (2013). Antecedents to gun violence: Developmental issues. In APA (Ed.), Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy (pp. 7–12). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-report.pdf. Kleck, G. (2009). Mass shootings in schools: The worst possible case for gun control. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(10), 1447–1464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209332557. Lizotte, A., Howell, J., Tobin, K., & Howard, G. (2000). Factors influencing gun carrying among young urban males over the adolescent-young adult lifecourse. Criminology, 38(3), 811–834. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00907.x. Loughran, T. A., Reid, J. A., Collins, M. E., & Mulvey, E. P. (2016). Effect of gun carrying on perceptions of risk among adolescent offenders. American Journal of Public Health, 106(2), 350–352. Luster, T., & Min Oh, S. (2001). Correlates of male adolscents carrying handguns among their peers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 714–726. Mankowski, E. (2013). Antecedents to gun violence: Gender and culture. In APA (Ed.), Gun violence: Prediction, prevention, and policy (pp. 13–16). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/reports/gun-violence-report.pdf. Mocan, H. N., & Tekin, E. (2006). Guns and juvenile crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 49(2), 507–531. https://doi.org/10.1086/508330. Molnar, B. E., Miller, M. J., Azrael, D., & Buka, S. L. (2004). Neigbhorhood predictors of concealed firearm carrying among children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 657–664. Muschert, G. W. (2007). Research in school shootings. Sociology Compass, 1(1), 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00008.x. National Research Council. (2013). Priorities for research to reduce the threat of firearm-related violence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/18319. Oesterle, S., Hawkins, J. D., Kuklinski, M. R., Fagan, A. A., Fleming, C., Rhew, I. C., & Catalano, R. F. (2015). Effects of communities that care on males’ and females’ drug use and delinquency 9 years after baseline in a community-randomized trial. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45(3–4), 217–228. Olweus, D. (2007). Olweus bullying questionnaire. Center City, MN: Hazelden. Price, J.H., & Khubchandani, J. (2019). School firearm violence prevention practices and policies: Functional or folly? Violence and Gender, https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2018.0044 [ahead of print]. Shapiro, J. P., Dorman, R. L., Welker, C. J., & Clough, J. B. (1998). Youth attitudes toward guns and violence: Relations with sex, age, ethnic group, and firearm exposure. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(1), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_11. Sheppard, D., Grant, H., Rowe, W., & Jacobs, N. (2000). Fighting juvenile gun violence. Retrieved from Washington, D.C.: https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/2000_9_3/contents.html Shetgiri, R., Boots, D. P., Lin, H., & Cheng, T. L. (2016). Predictors of weapon-related behaviors among African American, Latino and white youth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 171, 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.12.008. Sigel, E. J., Hart, J., Hoffenberg, A., & Dodge, M. (2011). Development and psychometric properties of a violence screening tool for primary care. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(4), 358–365. Simonetti, J. A., Mackelprang, J. L., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Zatzick, D., & Rivara, F. P. (2015). Psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality, and in-home firearm access among a nationally representative sample of adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(2), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1760. Smith, M. (1996). Sources of firearm acquisition among a sample of inner-city youths: Research results and policy implications. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24(4), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(96)00019-0. Spano, R., Pridemore, W. A., & Bolland, J. (2012). Specifying the role of exposure to violence and violent behavior on initiation of gun carrying: A longitudinal test of three models of youth gun carrying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(1), 158–176. Tigri, H. B., Reid, S., Turner, M. G., & Devinney, J. M. (2016). Investigativng the relationship between gang membership and carrying a firearm: Results from a national sample. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 168–184. Tracy, B. M., Smith, R. N., Miller, K., Clayton, E., Bailey, K., Gerrin, C., Eversley-Kelso, T., Carney, D., & MacNew, H. (2019). Community distress predicts youth gun violence. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.03.021. Turner, M. G., Phillips, M. D., Tigri, H. B., Williams, M. A., & Hartman, J. L. (2016). On the association between repeat bully victimizations and carrying a firearm: Evidence in a national sample. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(8), 871–896. Vaughn, M. G., Oh, S., Salas-Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., Holzer, K. J., & McGuire, D. (2019). Sex differences in the prevalence and correlates of handgun carrying among adolescents in the United States. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 17(1), 24–41. Vossekuil, B., Fein, R.A., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the safe school initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, safe and drug-free schools program and U.S. Secret Service, National Threat Assessment Center, Washington, D.C. Watkins, A., & Lizotte, A. (2013). Does household gun access increase the risk of attempted suicide? Evidence from a national sample of adolescents. Youth and Society, 45(3), 324–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X11417735. Watts, S. J., Province, K., & Toohy, K. (2019). The kids aren't alright: School attachment, depressive symptoms, and gun carrying at school. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 44, 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-018-9438-6. Webster, D. W., Vernick, J. S., Zeoli, A. M., & Manganello, J. A. (2004). Association between youth-focused firearm laws and youth suicides. JAMA, 292(5), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.5.594. Webster, D. W., Whitehill, J. M., Vernick, J. S., & Curriero, F. C. (2012). Effects of Baltimore's safe streets program on gun violence: A replication of Chicago's CeaseFire program. Journal of Urban Health: New York Academy, 90(1), 27–40. Wilkins, N., Tsao, B., Hertz, M., Davis, R., & Klevens, J. (2014). Connecting the dots: An overview of the links among multiple forms of violence. Retrieved from Atlanta, GA and Oakland, CA. Wilkinson, D. L., & Fagan, J. (1996). The role of firearms in violence "scripts": The dynamics of gun events among adolescent males. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59(1), 55–89. Wilkinson, D. L., McBryde, M. S., Williams, B., Bloom, S., & Bell, K. (2009). Peers and gun use among urban adolescent males: An examination of social embeddedness. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25(1), 20–44. Wilcox, P., May, D.C., & Roberts, S.D. (2006). Student weapon possession and the “Fear and victimization hypothesis”: Unraveling the temporal order. Justice Quarterly, 23(4), 502–529. Wright, J., & Rossi, P. (1986). Armed and considered dangerous: A survey of felons and their firearms. New York: Aldine. Xuan, Z., & Hemenway, D. (2015). State gun law environment and youth gun carrying in the United States. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(11), 1024–1031. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2116. Yan, F., Howard, D., Beck, K., Shattuck, T., & Hallmark-Kerr, M. (2010). Psychosocial correlates of physical dating violence victimization among Latino early adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(5), 808–831. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509336958.