Revisiting variable-foreperiod effects: evaluating the repetition priming account
Tóm tắt
A warning signal preceding an imperative stimulus by a certain foreperiod can accelerate responses (foreperiod effect). When foreperiod is varied within a block, the foreperiod effect on reaction time (RT) is modulated by both the current and the prior foreperiods. Using a non-aging foreperiod distribution in a simple-reaction task, Capizzi et al. (Cognition, 134, 39-49, 2015) found equal sequential effects for different foreperiods, which they credited to repetition priming. The multiple-trace theory of Los et al. (Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 1058, 2014) attributes the slope of the foreperiod-RT function to the foreperiod distribution. We conducted three experiments that examined these predicted relations. Experiment 1 tested Capizzi et al.’s prediction in a choice-reaction task and found an increasing foreperiod-RT function but a larger sequential effect at the shorter foreperiod. Experiment 2 used two distinct short foreperiods with the same foreperiod distribution and found a decreasing foreperiod-RT function. By increasing the difference between the foreperiods used in Experiment 2, Experiment 3 yielded a larger sequential effect overall. The experiments provide evidence that, with a non-aging foreperiod distribution, the variable-foreperiod paradigm yields unequal sequential-effect sizes at the different foreperiods, consistent with the multiple-trace theory but contrary to Capizzi et al.’s repetition-priming account. The foreperiod-RT functions are similar to those of the fixed-foreperiod paradigm, which is not predicted by the multiple trace theory.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bertelson, P., & Tisseyre, F. (1968). The time-course of preparation with regular and irregular foreperiods. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20(3), 297–300.
Capizzi, M., Correa, Á., Wojtowicz, A., & Rafal, R. D. (2015). Foreperiod priming in temporal preparation: Testing current models of sequential effects. Cognition, 134, 39–49.
Crowe, E. M., & Kent, C. (2019). Evidence for short-term, but not long-term, transfer effects in the temporal preparation of auditory stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(11), 2672–2679.
Drazin, D. H. (1961). Effects of foreperiod, foreperiod variability, and probability of stimulus occurrence on simple reaction time. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(1), 43–50.
Han, T. (2021). Revisiting Variable-Foreperiod Effects: Evaluating the Repetition Priming Account. Retrieved from osf.io/43g8r.
Han, T., & Proctor, R. W. (2022). Effects of a neutral warning signal on spatial two-choice reactions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 75(4), 754–764.
Hintzman, D. L. (1986). " schema abstraction" in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93(4), 411.
Langner, R., Steinborn, M. B., Eickhoff, S. B., & Huestegge, L. (2018). When specific action biases meet nonspecific preparation: Event repetition modulates the variable-foreperiod effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 44(9), 1313.
Lawrence, M. A., & Klein, R. M. (2013). Isolating exogenous and endogenous modes of temporal attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(2), 560–572.
Los, S. A. (1996). On the origin of mixing costs: Exploring information processing in pure and mixed blocks of trials. Acta Psychologica, 94(2), 145–188.
Los, S. A., & Agter, F. (2005). Reweighting sequential effects across different distributions of foreperiods: Segregating elementary contributions to nonspecific preparation. Perception & Psychophysics, 67(7), 1161–1170.
Los, S. A., Knol, D. L., & Boers, R. M. (2001). The foreperiod effect revisited: Conditioning as a basis for nonspecific preparation. Acta Psychologica, 106(1-2), 121–145.
Los, S. A., Kruijne, W., & Meeter, M. (2014). Outlines of a multiple trace theory of temporal preparation. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 1058.
Los, S. A., Kruijne, W., & Meeter, M. (2017). Hazard versus history: Temporal preparation is driven by past experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(1), 78–88.
Los, S. A., Nieuwenstein, J., Bouharab, A., Stephens, D. J., Meeter, M., & Kruijne, W. (2021). The warning stimulus as retrieval cue: The role of associative memory in temporal preparation. Cognitive Psychology, 125, 101378.
Mattiesing, R. M., Kruijne, W., Meeter, M., & Los, S. A. (2017). Timing a week later: The role of long-term memory in temporal preparation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(6), 1900–1905.
McCormick, C. R., Redden, R. S., Hurst, A. J., & Klein, R. M. (2019). On the selection of endogenous and exogenous signals. Royal Society open. Science, 6(11), Article 190134.
Niemi, P., & Näätänen, R. (1981). Foreperiod and simple reaction time. Psychological Bulletin, 89(1), 133–162.
Miller, J., & Ulrich, R. (2013). Mental chronometry and individual differences: Modeling reliabilities and correlations of reaction time means and effect sizes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(5), 819–858.
Posner, M. I., Klein, R., Summers, J., & Buggie, S. (1973). On the selection of signals. Memory & Cognition, 1, 2–12.
Sanabria, D., & Correa, Á. (2013). Electrophysiological evidence of temporal preparation driven by rhythms in audition. Biological Psychology, 92(2), 98–105.
Shaffer, L. H. (1966). Some effects of partial advance information on choice reaction with fixed or variable SR mapping. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(4), 541–545.
Steinborn, M. B., & Langner, R. (2011). Distraction by irrelevant sound during foreperiods selectively impairs temporal preparation. Acta Psychologica, 136(3), 405–418.
Steinborn, M. B., & Langner, R. (2012). Arousal modulates temporal preparation under increased time uncertainty: Evidence from higher-order sequential foreperiod effects. Acta Psychologica, 139(1), 65–76.
Steinborn, M. B., Rolke, B., Bratzke, D., & Ulrich, R. (2008). Sequential effects within a short foreperiod context: Evidence for the conditioning account of temporal preparation. Acta Psychologica, 129(2), 297–307.
Steinborn, M. B., Rolke, B., Bratzke, D., & Ulrich, R. (2009). Dynamic adjustment of temporal preparation: Shifting warning signal modality attenuates the sequential foreperiod effect. Acta Psychologica, 132(1), 40–47.
Steinborn, M. B., Rolke, B., Bratzke, D., & Ulrich, R. (2010). The effect of a cross-trial shift of auditory warning signals on the sequential foreperiod effect. Acta Psychologica, 134(1), 94–104.
Tona, K. D., Murphy, P. R., Brown, S. B., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2016). The accessory stimulus effect is mediated by phasic arousal: A pupillometry study. Psychophysiology, 53(7), 1108–1113.
Vallesi, A. (2010). Neuro-anatomical substrates of foreperiod effects. In A. C. Nobre & J. T. Coull (Eds.), Attention and time (pp. 303–316). Oxford University Press.
Vallesi, A., Arbula, S., & Bernardis, P. (2014). Functional dissociations in temporal preparation: Evidence from dual-task performance. Cognition, 130(2), 141–151.
Vallesi, A., Lozano, V. N., & Correa, Á. (2013). Dissociating temporal preparation processes as a function of the inter-trial interval duration. Cognition, 127(1), 22–30.
Vallesi, A., & Shallice, T. (2007). Developmental dissociations of preparation over time: Deconstructing the variable foreperiod phenomena. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(6), 1377–1388.
Vallesi, A., Shallice, T., & Walsh, V. (2007). Role of the prefrontal cortex in the foreperiod effect: TMS evidence for dual mechanisms in temporal preparation. Cerebral Cortex, 17(2), 466–474.
Van Lambalgen, R. M., & Los, S. A. (2008). The role of attention in nonspecific preparation. In Proceedings of the 30th annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 1525-1530). Cognitive Science Society Austin, .
Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Yund, E. W., Herron, T. J., & Reed, B. (2015). Age-related slowing of response selection and production in a visual choice reaction time task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, Article 193.