Revisiting the 1991 Uttarkashi and the 1999 Chamoli, India, earthquakes: Implications of rupture mechanisms in the central Himalaya

Journal of Asian Earth Sciences - Tập 162 - Trang 107-120 - 2018
Kusala Rajendran1, Revathy M. Parameswaran1,2, C.P. Rajendran2
1Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
2Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ambraseys, 2004, Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 165, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02323.x Avouac, 2006, The 2005, Mw 7.6 Kashmir earthquake: sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 249, 514, 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.025 Bilham, 2001, Himalayan seismic hazard, Science, 293, 1442, 10.1126/science.1062584 Bollinger, 2016, Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?, Earth Planets Space, 68, 12, 10.1186/s40623-016-0389-1 Bonilla, 2005, Hysteretic and dilatant behavior of cohesionless soils and their effects on nonlinear site response: field data observations and modeling, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 2373, 10.1785/0120040128 Caldwell, 2013, Characterizing the Main Himalayan thrust in the Garhwal Himalaya, India, with receiver function CCP stacking, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 367, 15, 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.009 Célérier, 2009, The Kumaun and Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, India: Part 1. Structure and stratigraphy, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121, 1262, 10.1130/B26344.1 Cotton, 1996, Rupture history and seismotectonics of the 1991 Uttarkashi, Himalaya earthquake, Tectonophysics, 258, 35, 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00154-9 de la Torre, 2007, Earthquake processes of the Himalayan collision zone in eastern Nepal and the southern Tibetan plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 171, 718, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03537.x Elliott, 2016, Himalayan megathrust geometry and relation to topography revealed by the Gorkha earthquake, Nat. Geosci., 9, 174, 10.1038/ngeo2623 Fan, 2015, Detailed rupture imaging of the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake using teleseismic P waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5744, 10.1002/2015GL064587 Feldl, 2006, Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau, Nature, 444, 165, 10.1038/nature05199 Fischer, 2008, Dynamic triggering of high-frequency bursts by strong motions during the 2004 Parkfield earthquake sequence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12305, 10.1029/2008GL033905 Handa, 2009, 253 Herman, 2010, Exhumation, crustal deformation, and thermal structure of the Nepal Himalaya derived from the inversion of thermochronological and thermobarometric data and modeling of the topography, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 115, 10.1029/2008JB006126 Hodges, 2000, Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 324, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<324:TOTHAS>2.0.CO;2 Hodges, 2004, Quaternary deformation, river steepening, and heavy precipitation at the front of the higher Himalayan ranges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 220, 379, 10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00063-9 IMD, 2000, Chamoli Earthquake of March 29, 1999 and its aftershocks: a consolidated document, Meteorol. Monograph. Seism, 70 Jain, S.K., Murty, C.V.R., Arlekar, J.N., Rajendran, C.P., Rajendran, K., Sinha, R., 1999. Chamoli (Himalaya, India) Earthquake of 29 March 1999. EERI special earthquake report, EERI newsletter, 33(7). Jain, S.K., Singh, R.P., Gupta, V.K., Nagar, A., 1992. Garhwal Earthquake of Oct. 20, 1991. EERI special earthquake report, EERI newsletter, 26(2). Jayangondaperumal, 2017, A paleoseismic age model for large-magnitude earthquakes on fault segments of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust in the Central Seismic Gap of northern India, Quat. Int., 462, 130, 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.04.008 Kaneda, 2008, Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan, earthquake and its active tectonic implications, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 98, 521, 10.1785/0120070073 Kayal, 2003, Aftershocks of the March 1999 Chamoli earthquake and seismotectonic structure of the Garhwal Himalaya, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93, 109, 10.1785/0119990139 Khattri, 1983, Seismicity patterns in the Himalayan plate boundary and identification of the areas of high seismic potential, Tectonophysics, 96, 281, 10.1016/0040-1951(83)90222-6 Khattri, 1989, New seismological results on the tectonics of the Garhwal Himalaya, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.-Earth Planet. Sci., 98, 91, 10.1007/BF02880378 Khattri, 1987, Great earthquakes, seismicity gaps and potential for earthquakes along the Himalayan plate boundary, Tectonophysics, 38, 79, 10.1016/0040-1951(87)90067-9 Khattri, 1994, Inversion of strong motion waveforms for source slip function of 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake Himalaya, J. Himal. Geol., 5, 163 Kikuchi, M., Kanamori, H., 2003. Note on teleseismic body-wave inversion program, Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Japan. Online at <http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ETAL/KIKUCHI>. Kikuchi, 1991, Inversion of complex body waves-III, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 81, 2335, 10.1785/BSSA0810062335 Kumar, 2006, Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian Himalaya, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 111, 10.1029/2004JB003309 Kumar, 2005, Estimation of the source parameters of the Himalaya earthquake of October 19, 1991, average effective shear wave attenuation parameter and local site effects from accelerograms, Tectonophysics, 407, 1, 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.06.006 Kumar, 1994, The Uttarkashi earthquake of 20 October 1991: field observations, Terra Nova, 6, 95, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00638.x Laske, G., Masters., G., Ma, Z., Pasyanos, M., 2013. Update on CRUST1.0 – A 1-degree Global Model of Earth's Crust, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 15, Abstract EGU2013-2658. Lavé, 2001, Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 26561, 10.1029/2001JB000359 Malik, 2017, Paleoseismic evidence of the CE 1505 (?) and CE 1803 earthquakes from the foothill zone of the Kumaon Himalaya along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), India, Tectonophysics, 714, 133, 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.07.026 Mahesh, 2012, Rigid Indian plate: constraints from GPS measurements, Gondwana Res., 22, 1068, 10.1016/j.gr.2012.01.011 Mandal, 2000, Recent Indian earthquakes, Curr. Sci., 79, 1334 Morell, 2015, Geomorphology reveals active décollement geometry in the central Himalayan seismic gap, Lithosphere, 7, 247, 10.1130/L407.1 Mugnier, 2013, Structural interpretation of the great earthquakes of the last millennium in the central Himalaya, Earth Sci. Rev., 127, 30, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.09.003 Mukhopadhyay, 2003, Seismic tomography structure of the 1999 Chamoli earthquake source area in the Garhwal Himalaya, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93, 1854, 10.1785/0120020130 Nadin, 2012, Apatite thermochronometry within a knickzone near the Higher Himalaya front, central Nepal: no resolvable fault motion in the past one million years, Tectonics, 31, 10.1029/2011TC003000 Narula, 1995, Damage patterns and delineation of isoseismals of Uttarkashi earthquake of 20th October, 1991, Memoirs-Geol. Soc. India, 1 Ni, 1984, Seismotectonics of the Himalayan collision zone: geometry of the underthrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1142 Pandey, 1995, Interseismic strain accumulation on the Himalayan crustal ramp (Nepal), Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 751, 10.1029/94GL02971 Parameswaran, 2015, Seismotectonics of the April–May 2015 Nepal earthquakes: an assessment based on the aftershock patterns, surface effects and deformational characteristics, J. Asian Earth Sci., 111, 161, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.07.030 Parameswaran, 2016, Structural context of the 2015 pair of Nepal earthquakes (Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.3): an analysis based on slip distribution, aftershock growth, and static stress changes, Int. J. Earth Sci., 1 Rajendran, 2005, The status of central seismic gap: a perspective based on the spatial and temporal aspects of the large Himalayan earthquakes, Tectonophysics, 365, 19, 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.09.009 Rajendran, 2017, Seismotectonics perspectives on the Himalayan arc and contiguous areas: inferences from past and present earthquakes, Earth Sci. Rev., 173, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.08.003 Rajendran, 2018, On the paleoseismic evidence of the 1803 earthquake rupture (or lack of it) along the frontal thrust of the Kumaun Himalaya, Tectonophysics, 722, 227, 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.11.012 Rajendran, 2013, Archeological and historical database on the medieval earthquakes of the central Himalaya: ambiguities and inferences, Seismol. Res. Lett., 84, 1098, 10.1785/0220130077 Rajendran, 2015, Medieval pulse of great earthquakes in the central Himalaya: viewing past activities on the frontal thrust, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 120, 1623, 10.1002/2014JB011015 Rajendran, 2000, The Chamoli earthquake, Garhwal Himalaya: field observations and implications for seismic hazard, Curr. Sci.-Bangalore, 78, 45 Rajput, 2005, Rupture parameters of the 1999 Chamoli earthquake in Garhwal Himalaya: constraints from aftershocks and change in failure stress, Tectonophysics, 404, 23, 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.03.016 Raper, 1810, Narratives of a survey for the purpose of discovering the resources of the Ganges, Asiat. Res., 11, 446 Rawat, 2014, Electrical resistivity cross-section across the Garhwal Himalaya: proxy to fluid-seismicity linkage, Tectonophysics, 637, 68, 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.09.015 Sapkota, 2013, Primary surface ruptures of the great Himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255, Nat. Geosci., 6, 71, 10.1038/ngeo1669 Sarkar, 2002, Co-seismic spring flow changes attributed to the March 29, 1999 Chamoli earthquake of Garhwal Himalaya, Geosci. J., 6, 181, 10.1007/BF02912688 Satyabala, 2006, Surface deformation and subsurface slip of the 28 March 1999 Mw = 6.4 west Himalayan Chamoli earthquake from InSAR analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 10.1029/2006GL027422 Seeber, L., Armbruster, J.G., 1981. Great Detachment Earthquakes along the Himalayan arc and a long-term forecasting. In: Simpson, D.W., Richards, P.G., (Eds.), Earthquake Prediction. American Geophysical Union, pp. 259–277. Srivastava, 1994, Thrust geometries and deep structure of the outer and lesser Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal (India): implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold-and –thrust-belt, Tectonics, 13, 89, 10.1029/93TC01130 Stevens, 2015, Interseismic coupling on the main Himalayan thrust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5828, 10.1002/2015GL064845 Stevens, 2016, Millenary Mw > 9.0 earthquakes required by geodetic strain in the Himalaya, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 1118, 10.1002/2015GL067336 Szeliga, 2010, Intensity, magnitude, location, and attenuation in india for felt earthquakes since 1762, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 100, 570, 10.1785/0120080329 Valdiya, 1980, The two intracrustal boundary thrusts of the Himalaya, Tectonophysics, 66, 323, 10.1016/0040-1951(80)90248-6 Wesnousky, 2018, New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10.1002/2018GL077035 Wobus, 2005, Active out-of-sequence thrust faulting in the central Nepalese Himalaya, Nature, 434, 1008, 10.1038/nature03499 Wobus, 2003, Has focused denudation sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front?, Geology, 31, 861, 10.1130/G19730.1 Xu, 2016, An improved geodetic source model for the 1999 Mw 6.3 Chamoli earthquake, India, Geophys. J. Int., 205, 236, 10.1093/gji/ggw016 Yin, 2006, Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogen as constrained by along-strike variation of structural geometry, exhumation history, and foreland sedimentation, Earth Sci. Rev., 76, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.05.004 Yule, D., Dawson, S., Lave, J., Sapkota, S., Tiwari, D., Madden, C., 2007. Evidence for surface rupture of the main frontal thrust during the great 1505 Himalayan earthquake, far-western Nepal. In: International Workshop on Investigation of Past Earthquakes in Nepal Himalaya. Paleoseismology, History and Archaeology, Kathmandu, Nepal.