Revisiting physical distancing threshold in indoor environment using infection-risk-based modeling

Environment International - Tập 153 - Trang 106542 - 2021
Fan Liu1,2, Zhiwen Luo2, Yuguo Li3, Xiaohong Zheng1,4, Chongyang Zhang1,5, Hua Qian1
1School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
2School of the Built Environment, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
4Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Science and Technology, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
5Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences (Group) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alagoz, 2020, Impact of timing of and adherence to social distancing measures on COVID-19 burden in the US: A simulation modeling approach, MedRxiv Anderson, 2020, Consideration of the Aerosol Transmission for COVID-19 and Public Health, Risk Anal., 40, 902, 10.1111/risa.13500 BBC, 2020. Coronavirus: Could social distancing of less than two metres work? (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52522460). British Broadcasting Corporation. Bjørn, 2002, Dispersal of exhaled air and personal exposure in displacement ventilated rooms, Indoor Air, 12, 147, 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.08126.x Brandan, M.A.M., 2012. Study of airflow and thermal stratification in naturally ventilated rooms (Ph.D. Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Breugelmans, 2004, SARS transmission and commercial aircraft, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 1502, 10.3201/eid1008.040093 Buonanno, 2020, Quantitative assessment of the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection: prospective and retrospective applications, Environ. Int., 145, 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106112 CDC, 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): What is social distancing? (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chao, 2009, Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening, J. Aerosol Sci., 40, 122, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.10.003 Chu, 2020, Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet, 395, 1973, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9 Du, 2020, Effects of proactive social distancing on COVID-19 outbreaks in 58 Cities, China, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 26 Duguid, 1946, The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei, J. Hyg., 44, 471 Gao, C.X., Li, Y., Wei, J., Cotton, S., Hamilton, M., Wang, L., Cowling, B.J., 2020. Multi-route respiratory infection: when a transmission route may dominate. medRxiv. Gil-Lopez, 2017, Analysis of the influence of the return position in the vertical temperature gradient in displacement ventilation systems for large halls, Energy Build., 140, 371, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.017 Gu, 2007, Pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Am. J. Pathol., 4, 1136, 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061088 Halloran, 2012, A comprehensive breath plume model for disease transmission via expiratory aerosols, PLoS ONE, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0037088 Hamner, 2020, High SARS-CoV-2 attack rate following exposure at a choir practice-Skagit County, Washington, March 2020, MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 69, 606, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e6 Hinds, 1999, 233 Ji, 2018, The impact of ambient humidity on the evaporation and dispersion of exhaled breathing droplets: A numerical investigation, J. Aerosol Sci., 115, 164, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2017.10.009 Jones, 2020, Two metres or one: what is the evidence for physical distancing in covid-19?, BMJ, 370 Lambert, 2008, Titration of human coronaviruses, HcoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, by an indirect immunoperoxidase assay, 93 Li, 2020, Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Science, 368, 489, 10.1126/science.abb3221 Li, Y., Qian, H., Hang, J., Chen, X., Hong, L., Liang, P., Li, J., Xiao, S., Wei, J., Liu, L., Kang, M., 2020 Evidence for probable aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant. medRxiv. Lim, 2006, Laboratory containment of SARS virus, Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 35, 354, 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V35N5p354 Lindsley, 2010, Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs, PLoS ONE, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0015100 Liu, 2019, Direct or indirect exposure of exhaled contaminants in stratified environments using an integral model of an expiratory jet, Indoor Air, 29, 591 Liu, 2020, The impact of indoor thermal stratification on the dispersion of human speech droplets, Indoor Air Liu, 2017, Short-range airborne transmission of expiratory droplets between two people, Indoor Air, 27, 452, 10.1111/ina.12314 Liu, 2017, Evaporation and dispersion of respiratory droplets from coughing, Indoor Air, 27, 179, 10.1111/ina.12297 Liu, 2020, Interpersonal droplet transmission risk and countermeasures in thermally stratified environment, J. HV&AC Ma, 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019 patients in earlier stages exhaled millions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 per hour. Clin.l, Infect. Dis., ciaa1283 Miller, 2020, Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event, Indoor Air Morawska, 2020, Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality, Environ. Int., 105730, 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730 Nicas, 2005, Toward understanding the risk of secondary airborne infection: Emission of respirable pathogens, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 2, 143, 10.1080/15459620590918466 Qian, 2006, Dispersion of exhaled droplet nuclei in a two-bed hospital ward with three different ventilation systems, Indoor Air, 16, 111, 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00407.x Qian, 2020, COVID-19 and social distancing, Z. Gesundh. Wiss., 1 Shinya, 2006, Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway, Nature, 440, 435, 10.1038/440435a Sobol, 2001, Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates, Math. Comput. Simulat., 55, 271, 10.1016/S0378-4754(00)00270-6 Sohrabi, 2020, World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), Int. J. Surg., 76, 71, 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034 Stadnytskyi, 2020, The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 117, 11875, 10.1073/pnas.2006874117 Tang, 2021, Dismantling myths on the airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), J. Hosp. Infect., 110, 89, 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.12.022 Turner, 1941, Public health applications of high-speed photography, Am. J. Pub. Health, 31, 319, 10.2105/AJPH.31.4.319 Wang, 2011, Experimental study on indoor thermal stratification in large space by under floor air distribution system (UFAD) in summer, Engineering, 3, 384, 10.4236/eng.2011.34044 Watanabe, 2010, Development of a dose-response model for SARS coronavirus, Risk Anal., 30, 1129, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01427.x Wei, 2015, Enhanced spread of expiratory droplets by turbulence in a cough jet, Build. Environ., 93, 86, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.06.018 Wells, 1934, On air-borne infections: study II. Droplets and droplet nuclei, Am. J. Epidemiol., 20, 611, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118097 WHO, 2020a. WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic (http://www.euro.- who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/ 2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic). World Health Organisation. WHO, 2020b. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public). World Health Organisation. Wong, 2004, Cluster of SARS among medical students exposed to single patient, Hong Kong, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 269, 10.3201/eid1002.030452 Xie, 2007, How far droplets can move in indoor environments-revisiting the Wells evaporation-falling curve, Indoor Air, 17, 211, 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x Yang, 2007, The size and concentration of droplets generated by coughing in human subjects, J. Aerosol Med., 20, 484, 10.1089/jam.2007.0610 Zhang, 2020, Infection risk assessment of COVID-19 through aerosol transmission: a case study of South China Seafood Market, Environ. Sci. Technol. Zhou, 2021, Breath-, air- and surface-borne SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals, J. Aerosol Sci.., 152, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105693