Review on environmental selenium: Occurrence, public health implications and biological treatment strategies

2003, 2 Alshammari, 2022, Selenium and COVID-19: a spotlight on the clinical trials, inventive compositions, and patent literature, J. Infect. Public. Health., 15, 1225, 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.011 Amirkhizi, 2023, Correlations of selenium and selenoprotein P with asymmetric dimethylarginine and lipid profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 75, 127101, 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127101 Amouroux, 2001, Role of oceans as biogenic sources of selenium, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 189, 277, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00370-3 Arashiro, 2019, The effect of primary treatment of wastewater in high rate algal pond systems: biomass and bioenergy recovery, Bioresour. Technol., 280, 27, 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.096 Arias-Paic, 2022, Treatment of selenium-laden agricultural drainage water using a full-scale bioreactor, J. Environ. Eng., 148, 04022014, 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001990 Astratinei, 2006, Bioconversion of selenate in methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge, J. Environ. Qual., 35, 1873, 10.2134/jeq2005.0443 Azaizeh, 2006, Phytoremediation of selenium using subsurface-flow constructed wetland, Int. J. Phytoremed., 8, 187, 10.1080/15226510600846723 Barillas, 2012, Selenium distribution and speciation in the hyperaccumulator Astragalus bisulcatus and associated ecological partners, Plant Physiol., 159, 1834, 10.1104/pp.112.199307 Batty, 2010, The impacts of metalliferous drainage on aquatic communities in streams and rivers Belzile, 2000, Early diagenetic behaviour of selenium in freshwater sediments, Appl. Geochem., 15, 1439, 10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00011-1 Belzile, 2006, Detoxification of selenite and mercury by reduction and mutual protection in the assimilation of both elements by Pseudomonas fluorescens, Sci. Total Environ., 367, 704, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.008 Bermano, 2021, Selenium and viral infection: are there lessons for COVID-19?, Br. J. Nutr., 125, 618, 10.1017/S0007114520003128 Bhargava, 2012, Approaches for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals, J. Environ. Manag., 105, 103, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.002 Birch, 2004, Efficiency of a constructed wetland in removing contaminants from storm water, Wetlands., 24, 459, 10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0459:EOACWI]2.0.CO;2 Braeckevelt, 2011, Chlorobenzene removal efficiencies and removal processes in a pilot-scale constructed wetland treating contaminated groundwater, Ecol. Eng., 37, 903, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.01.014 Budd, 2011, Removal mechanisms and fate of insecticides in constructed wetlands, Chemo, 83, 1581, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.012 Burk, 2001, Plasma selenium in specific and non-specific forms, Biofactors, 14, 107, 10.1002/biof.5520140115 Cantafio, 1996, Pilot-scale selenium bioremediation of San Joaquin Drainage Water with Thauera selenatis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 3298, 10.1128/aem.62.9.3298-3303.1996 Catal, 2009, Removal of selenite from wastewater using microbial fuel cells, Biotechnol. Lett., 31, 1211, 10.1007/s10529-009-9990-8 2013 Chakraborty, 2019, Reduction of selenite to elemental Se (0) with simultaneous degradation of phenol by co-cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Delftia lacustris, J. Microbiol., 57, 738, 10.1007/s12275-019-9042-6 Chanihoon, 2022, Selenium and mercury concentrations in biological samples from patients with COVID-19, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 73, 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127038 Chawla, 2019, Exposure to a high selenium environment in Punjab, India: biomarkers and health conditions, Sci. Total Environ., 134541 Chua, 2016, Selenium: environmental significance, pollution, and biological treatment technologies, Biotechnol. Adv. Chung, 2006, Bioreduction of selenate using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor, Environ Sci. Technol., 40, 1664, 10.1021/es051251g Cimbritz, 2019, PAC dosing to an MBBR–Effects on adsorption of micropollutants, nitrification and microbial community, Sci. Total Environ., 677, 571, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.261 Derumeaux, 2003, Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 148, 309, 10.1530/eje.0.1480309 Dessì, 2016, Effect of temperature on selenium removal from wastewater by UASB reactors, Water Res., 94, 146, 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.007 Diaz, 2009, Volatile selenium flux from the Great Salt Lake, Utah, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 53, 10.1021/es801638w Duda, 1992 Duntas, 2015, Selenium : an element for life, Endocrine., 48, 756 Dutta, 2018, Performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and other anaerobic reactor con-figurations for wastewater treatment: a comparative review and critical updates, J. Water Supply Res., 67, 858, 10.2166/aqua.2018.090 Eregowda, 2019, Bioreduction of selenate in an anaerobic biotrickling filter using methanol as electron donor, Chemos, 225, 406, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.158 Espinosa-Ortiz, 2016, Effect of selenite on the morphology and respiratory activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium biofilms, Bioresour. Technol., 210, 138, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.074 Espinosa-Ortiz, 2016, Fungal pelleted reactors in wastewater treatment: applications and perspectives, Chem. Eng. J., 283, 553, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.068 Espinosa-Ortiz, 2015, Removal of selenite from wastewater in a Phanerochaete chrysosporium pellet based fungal bioreactor, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 102, 361, 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.014 Feng, 2012, Antioxidative mechanisms on selenium accumulation in Pteris vittata L., a potential selenium phytoremediation plant, Plant Soil Environ, 58, 105, 10.17221/162/2011-PSE Fernández-Martínez, 2009, Selenium environmental cycling and bioavailability: a structural chemist point of view, Rev. Environ. Sci. Bio/Technol., 8, 81, 10.1007/s11157-009-9145-3 2000, Selenium, 284 Fordyce, 2007, Selenium geochemistry and health, AMBIO J. Hum. Environ., 36, 94, 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[94:SGAH]2.0.CO;2 Fordyce, 2013, Selenium deficiency and toxicity in the environment, Essent. Med. Geol., 16, 375, 10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_16 Fordyce, 2000, Soil, grain and water chemistry and human selenium imbalances in Enshi District, Hubei Province, China, Appl. Geochem., 15, 117, 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00035-9 Foresta, 2002, Male fertility is linked to the selenoprotein phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, Biol. Reprod., 67, 967, 10.1095/biolreprod.102.003822 Freeman, 2011, Selection of salt and boron tolerant selenium hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata genotypes and characterization of Se phytoremediation from agricultural drainage sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9703, 10.1021/es201600f Fujita, 2002, Laboratory-scale continuous reactor for soluble selenium removal using selenate-reducing Bacterium, Bacillus sp. SF-1, J. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 80, 755, 10.1002/bit.10425 Gac, P., Czerwinska, K., Macek, P., Jaremkow, A., Mazur, G., Pawlas, Kporeba, R., 2020. The importance of selenium and zinc deficiency in cardiovascular disorders. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacolo. 103553, doi:10.1016/j.etap.2020.103553. Gay, 2012, Pilot testing of selenium removal in a surface coal mine water containing high nitrate and selenium concentrations, 300 Ge, 1993, The epidemiology of selenium deficiency in the etiological study of endemic diseases in China, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 57, 259S, 10.1093/ajcn/57.2.259S Gebreeyessus, 2019, A review on environmental selenium issues, Appl. Sci.55. Glattre, 1989, Prediagnostic serum selenium in a case-control study of thyroid cancer, Int. J. Epidemiol., 18, 45, 10.1093/ije/18.1.45 2020 Gropper, 2009, 506 Haber, 2003, Constructed wetlands for the treatment of organic pollutants, J. Soils Sedim., 3, 109, 10.1007/BF02991077 Hadrup, 2020, Acute human toxicity and mortality after selenium ingestion: a review, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 58, 126435, 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126435 Hageman, 2013, Microbiological selenate to selenite conversion for selenium removal, Water Res., 47, 2118, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.012 Hapuarachchi, 2004, Determination of elemental and precipitated selenium production by a facultative anaerobic grown under sequential anaerobic/aerobic conditions, Proc. Biochem., 39, 1607, 10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00298-X Haug, 2007, How to use the world's scarce selenium resources efficiently to increase the selenium concentration in food, Microb. Ecol. Health Dis., 19, 209 He, 2020, Simultaneous speciation of inorganic selenium and tellurium in environmental water samples by polyaniline functionalized magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with ICP-MS detection, Talanta, 207, 120314, 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120314 2017 Ike, 2000, Selenate reduction by bacteria isolated from aquatic environment free from selenium contamination, Wat. Res., 34, 3019, 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00041-5 Im, 2020, Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 100, 390, 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018 Jacobs, 1989, 233 Jain, 2016, Reduction of selenite to elemental selenium nanoparticles by activated sludge, Environ Sci. Pollut. Res., 23, 1193, 10.1007/s11356-015-5138-7 Kadlec, 2009 Kagami, 2013, Effective selenium volatilization under aerobic conditions and recovery from the aqueous phase by Pseudomonas stutzeri NT-I, Water Res., 47, 1361, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.001 Kashiwa, 2001, Removal of soluble selenium by a selenate-reducing bacterium Bacillus sp. SF-1, Biofactors, 14, 261, 10.1002/biof.5520140132 Kashiwa, 2000, Factors affecting soluble selenium removal by a selenate-reducing bacterium Bacillus sp. SF-1, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 89, 528, 10.1016/S1389-1723(00)80051-1 Khatiwada, 2021, A mechanistic link between selenium and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Curr. Nutr. Rep, 10, 125, 10.1007/s13668-021-00354-4 Kumkrong, 2018, Selenium analysis inwaters. Part 1: rregulations and standard methods, Sci. Total Environ., 640–641, 1611, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.392 Lai, 2016, Selenate and nitrate bioreductions using methane as the electron donor in a membrane biofilm reactor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 10179, 10.1021/acs.est.6b02807 Lai, 2014, Nitrate shaped the selenate-reducing microbial community in a hydrogen-based biofilm reactor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 3395, 10.1021/es4053939 Lampis, S., Zonaro, E., Bertolini, C., Bernardi, P., Butler, C.S., Vallini, G., 2014. Delayed formation of zerovalent selenium nanoparticles by Bacillus mycoides SeITE01 as a consequence of selenite reduction under aerobic conditions. Microb. Cell Fact. 13, 35. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-13-35. Lawson, 1995, Bioremediation of selenite in oil refinery wastewater, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 43, 762, 10.1007/BF00164785 Lemly, 2004, Aquatic selenium pollution is a global environmental safety issue, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 59, 44, 10.1016/S0147-6513(03)00095-2 Lenz, 2009, Bioaug-mentation of UASB reactors with immobilized Sulfurospirillum barnesii for simultaneous selenate and nitrate removal, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 83, 377, 10.1007/s00253-009-1915-x Lenz, 2008, Selenate removal in methanogenic and sulfate-reducing up flow anaerobic sludge bed reactors, Water Res., 42, 2184, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.031 Li, 2014, Reduction of selenite to red elemental selenium by Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain N, PLoS ONE, 9, e95955, 10.1371/journal.pone.0095955 Li, 2014, Selenite reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is mediated by fumarate reductase in periplasm, Sci. Rep., 4, 3735, 10.1038/srep03735 Li, 2021, Production of selenium - enriched microalgae as potential feed supplement in high - rate algae ponds treating domestic wastewater, Bioresour. Technol., 333, 125239, 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125239 Li, 2013, The prevalence of Keshan disease in China, Int. J. Cardiol., 168, 1121, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.11.046 Lichtfouse, 2021, Technologies to remove selenium from water and wastewater, 207, 10.1007/978-3-030-69090-8_3 Lin, 2003, Selenium removal by constructed wetlands: quantitative importance of biological volatilization in the treatment of selenium-laden agricultural drainage water, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 606, 10.1021/es0260216 Lin, 2002, Managing selenium contaminated agricultural drainage water by the integrated on-farm drainage management system: role of selenium volatilization, Water Res., 36, 3150, 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00007-6 Lindblom, 2014, Inoculation of selenium hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata and related non-accumulator Stanleyaelata with hyperaccumulator rhizosphere fungi – investigation of effects on Se accumulation and speciation, Physiol. Plant., 150, 107, 10.1111/ppl.12094 Lindemann, 2000, Stability studies of arsenic, selenium, antimony and tellurium species in water, urine, fish and soil extracts using HPLC/ICP-MS, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 368, 214, 10.1007/s002160000475 Liu, 2019, Development of an algal treatment system for selenium removal: effects of environmental factors and post-treatment processing of Se-laden algae, J. Hazard. Mater., 365, 546, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.017 Liu, 2021, Selenium (Se) plays a key role in the biological effects of some viruses: implications for COVID-19, Environ. Res., 196, 110984, 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110984 Liu, 2015, Simultaneous speciation of inorganic arsenic, selenium and tellurium in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid micro-extraction combined with electro-thermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Talanta., 142, 213, 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.050 Logan, 2022, Anaerobic co-digestion of dissolved air floatation slurry and selenium rich wastewater for simultaneous methane production and selenium bioremediation, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 172, 105425, 10.1016/j.ibiod.2022.105425 Luo, 2018, Microbial selenate reduction driven by a denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation biofilm, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 4006, 10.1021/acs.est.7b05046 Macfarquhar, 2011, NIH public access, Arch. Intern. Med., 170, 256, 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.495 Mal, 2017, Biological removal of selenate and ammonium by activated sludge in a sequencing batch reactor, Bioresour. Technol., 229, 11, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.112 Mal, J., Nancharaiah, Y.V., van Hullebusch, E.D., Lens, P.N.L., 2016. Effect of heavy metal co-contaminants on selenite bioreduction by anaerobic granular sludge. Bioresour. Technol.206, 1 - 8. Mal, 2021, Simultaneous removal of lead and selenium through biomineralization as lead selenide by anaerobic granular sludge, J. Hazard. Mater., 420, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126663 Manzanares, 2021, Pharmaconutrition revisited for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Does selenium have a place?, Nutrition, 81, 110989, 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110989 Maraldi, 2011, Low levels of selenium compounds are selectively toxic for a human neuron cell line through ROS/RNS increase and apoptotic process activation, Neurotoxicol, 32, 180, 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.10.008 Mistry, 2012, Selenium in reproductive health, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 206, 21, 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.07.034 Moghadaszadeh, 2006, Selenoproteins and their impact on human health through diverse physiological pathways, Physiology (Bethesda), 21, 307 Mooney, 2008, Constructed treatment wetlands for flue gas desulfurization waters: full-scale design, construction issues, and performance, Environ. Geosci., 15, 131, 10.1306/eg.09200707011 Morita, 2007, Reduction of selenium oxyanions in wastewater using two bacterial strains, Eng. Life Sci., 7, 235, 10.1002/elsc.200620188 2001 Musgrove, 2014, 1 Nagpal, 2001 Nakamaru, 2014, Speciation and bioavailability of selenium and antimony in non-flooded and wetland soils: A review, Chemosphere, 111, 366, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.024 Nancharaiah, 2015, Selenium biomineralization for biotechnological applications, Trends Biotechnol., 33, 323, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.03.004 Nancharaiah, 2018, Selenite reduction and ammoniacal nitrogen removal in an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor, Water Res., 131, 131, 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.028 Negi, 2019, Selenite removal from wastewater using fungal pelleted airlift bioreactor, Environ. Sci. Poll. Res., 27, 1 Nerenberg, 2005, Membrane biofilm reactors for water and wastewater treatment 2010 Okonji, 2021, Environmental impacts of selenium contamination: a Review on current-issues and remediation strategies in anaqueous system, Water (Basel), 13, 1473 Ozdemir, 2022, Comparison of trace element (selenium, iron), electrolyte (calcium, sodium), and physical activity levels in COVID-19 patients before and after the treatment, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 73, 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127015 Pearce, 2008, Microbial manufacture of chalcogenide-based nanoparticles via the reduction of selenite using V. atypica: an in situ EXAFS study, Nanotechnology, 19, 155603, 10.1088/0957-4484/19/15/155603 Persico, 1988, Selenium geochemistry at Bosque Del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, 211 Pieniz, 2011, Evaluation of selenite bioremoval from liquid culture by Enterococcus species, Microbiol. Res., 166, 176, 10.1016/j.micres.2010.03.005 Pusztahelyi, 2015, Selenite-stress selected mutant strains of probiotic bacteria for Se source production, J. Trace. Elem. Med. Biol., 30, 96, 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.11.003 Pyrzynska, 2002, Determination of selenium species in environmental samples, Microchim. Acta, 140, 55, 10.1007/s00604-001-0899-8 Quinn, 2000, Algal-bacterial treatment facility removes selenium from drainage water, California Agric., 54, 50, 10.3733/ca.v054n06p50 Ralston, 2008, Dietary and tissue selenium in relation to methylmercury toxicity, Neurotoxicol., 29, 802, 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.07.007 Rayman, 2012, Selenium and human health, Lancet, 379, 1256, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61452-9 Rayman, 2018, Effect of long-term selenium supplementation on mortality: results from a multiple-dose, randomized controlled trial, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 127, 46, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.015 Rene, 2019 Rosenfeld, 1964 Salonen, 1982, Association between cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction and serum selenium in a matched pair longitudinal study, Lancet., 2, 175, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91028-5 Santos, 2015, Selenium contaminated waters: an overview of analytical methods, treatment options and recent advances in sorption methods, Sci. Total Environ., 521–522, 246, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.107 Schiavon, 2017, Selenium accumulation and metabolism in algae, Aquat. Toxicol., 189, 1, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.011 Schmidt, 2013, Selenium biotransformations in an engineered aquatic ecosystem for bioremediation of agricultural wastewater via brine shrimp production, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 5057, 10.1021/es305001n Schomburg, 2021, Selenium deficiency due to diet, pregnancy, severe illness, or COVID-19—a preventable trigger for autoimmune disease, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 8532, 10.3390/ijms22168532 Simm, 2021, Biological treatment technologies, 189 Sinharoy, 2019, A novel carbon monoxide fed moving bed biofilm reactor for sulfate rich wastewater treatment, J. Environ. Manag., 249, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109402 Sinharoy, A., Lens, P.N.L., 2020. Biological removal of selenate and selenite from wastewater: options for selenium recovery as nanoparticles. Curr. Pollut. 6, 230 - 249. Sinharoy, 2019, Biological removal of selenite from wastewater and recovery as selenium nanoparticles using inverse fluidized bed bioreactor, J. Water Proc. Eng., 32 Soda, 2011, Laboratory scale bioreactors for soluble selenium removal from selenium refinery wastewater using anaerobic sludge, Desalination, 279, 433, 10.1016/j.desal.2011.06.031 Soda, 2012, Biotreatment of selenium refinery wastewater using pilot-scale granular sludge and swim-bed bioreactors augmented with a Selenium-Reducing Bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri NT−I, Jpn. J. Water Treat. Biol., 48, 63−71, 10.2521/jswtb.48.63 Sonstegard, 2010, ABMet: setting the standard for selenium removal, 216 Sonstegard, J., Pickett, T., Harwood, J., Johnson, D., 2008. Full scale operation of GE ABMet® biological technology for the removal of selenium from FGD wastewaters. IWC-08-31. Int. Water Conf. San Antonio, TX. http://www.gewater.com/images/abmet/IWC_08-31GE_Full_Scale_Operation_of_Biological_Technology_for_Selenium_Removal_in_FGD.pdf Staicu, L.C., Ackerson, C.J., Cornelis, P., Ye, L., Berendsen, R.L., Hunter, W.J., Noblitt, S.D., Henry, C.S., Cappa, J.J., Montenieri, R.L., Wong, A.O., Musilova, L., Sura-deJong, M., van Hullebusch, E.D., Lens, P.N.L., Reynolds, R.J.B., Pilon-Smits, E.A.H., 2015. Pseudomonas moraviensis subsp. stanleyae, a bacterial endophyte of hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata, is capable of efficient selenite reduction to elemental selenium under aerobic conditions. J. Appl. Microbiol. 119(2), 400 - 410. Staicu, 2017, Industrial selenium pollution: sources and biological treatment technologies, 75 Suzuki, 2002, Metabolic pathway for selenium in the body: speciation by HPLC-ICP MS with enriched Se, Food Addit. Contam., 19, 974, 10.1080/02652030210153578 Tan, 2018, Biological treatment of selenium-laden wastewater containing nitrate and sulfate in an up flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor at pH 5.0, Chemos, 211, 684, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.079 Tan, 2019, Selenium remediation using granular and biofilm systems Tan, 2018, Comparative performance of anaerobic attached biofilm and granular sludge reactors for the treatment of model mine drainage wastewater containing selenate, sulfate and nickel, Chem. Eng. J., 345, 545, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.177 Terry, 2016, Phytoremediation of selenium-contaminated soil and water, 197 Thompson, 1975, Selenium content of food consumed by Canadians, J. Nutr., 105, 274, 10.1093/jn/105.3.274 Tokunaga, 2017, Effective removal of selenite and selenate ions from aqueous solution by barite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 9194, 10.1021/acs.est.7b01219 Twidwell, L.G., McCloskey, J.M., Miranda, P., Gale, M., 1999. Technologies and potential technologies for removing selenium from process and mine wastewater. In: Gaballah, I., Hager, J., Solozaral, R., Eds.. Glob. Symp. Recycl. Waste Treat. Clean. Technol. San Sabastian, Spain, pp. 1645–1656. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2013. Basic Information About Selenium in Drinking Water. http://waterepagov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/selenium.cfm. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2015. Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards For the Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category (November 3, 2015). https://www.epa.gov/eg/steam-electric-power-generating-effluent-guidelines-2015-final-rule United States Environmental Protection Authority (USEPA), 2001). Final Report–Selenium Treatment/Removal Alternatives Demonstration Project. http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/mwt/a3/mwtp191.pdf. Van Ginkel, 2011, The removal of selenate to low ppb levels from flue gas desulfurization brine using the H2-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), Bioresour. Technol., 102, 6360, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.010 Vesper, 2008, Selenium distribution and mode of occurrence in the Kanawha Formation, southern West Virginia, USA, Int. J. Coal Geol., 73, 237, 10.1016/j.coal.2007.06.003 Viamajala, 2006, Selenite reduction by a denitrifying culture: batch- and packed-bed reactor studies, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 71, 953, 10.1007/s00253-005-0276-3 Vinceti, 2013, The need for a reassessment of the safe upper limit of selenium in drinking water, Sci. Total Environ., 443, 633, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.025 Virtamo, 1985, Serum selenium and the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, Am. J. Epidemiol., 122, 276, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114099 Wadgaonkar, 2018, Formation of Se (0), Te (0), and Se (0) – Te (0) nanostructures during simultaneous bioreduction of selenite and tellurite in a UASB reactor, Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol., 102, 2899, 10.1007/s00253-018-8781-3 Wang, 2001, Biogeochemical cycling of selenium in Chinese environments, Appl. Geochem., 16, 1345, 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00046-4 Werkneh, 2022, Development of ecological sanitation approaches for integrated recovery of biogas, nutrients and clean water from domestic wastewater, Res. Environ. Sustain., 11, 100095 Werkneh, 2019, Recent advances in brewery wastewater treatment; approaches for water reuse and energy recovery: a review, Environ. Sustain., 2, 199, 10.1007/s42398-019-00056-2 Werkneh, 2019, Applications of nanotechnology and biotechnology for sustainable water and wastewater treatment, 405 Werkneh, 2018, Simultaneous removal of selenite and phenol from wastewater in upflow fungal pellet bioreactor, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 93, 1003, 10.1002/jctb.5452 2011 1987 Xia, 2019, Insights into selenate removal mechanism of hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor for nitrate-polluted groundwater treatment based on anaerobic biofilm analysis, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 178, 123, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.005 Xia, 2016, Electron shuttles alter selenite reduction pathway and redistribute formed Se(0) nanoparticles, Proc. Biochem., 51, 408, 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.12.015 Yanai, 2015, Soluble selenium content of agricultural soils in Japan and its determining factors with reference to soil type, land use and region, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 61, 312, 10.1080/00380768.2014.997147 Yang, 1983, Endemic selenium intoxication humans in China, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 37, 872, 10.1093/ajcn/37.5.872 Younesian, 2022, Decreased serum selenium levels of COVID-19 patients in comparison with healthy individuals, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 200, 1562, 10.1007/s12011-021-02797-w Zayed, 2000, Remediation of selenium polluted soils and waters by phytovolatilization, 61 Zeng, 2019, Continuous biological removal of selenate in the presence of cadmium and zinc in UASB reactors at psychrophilic and mesophilic conditions, Biochem. Eng. J., 141, 102, 10.1016/j.bej.2018.10.013 Zeng, 2019, Removal of selenate and cadmium by anaerobic granular sludge: EPS characterization and microbial community analysis, Proc. Saf. Environ. Prot., 10.1016/j.psep.2019.03.039 Zhang, 2020, Selenium and selenoproteins in viral infection with potential relevance to COVID-19, Redox Biol., 37, 101715, 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101715 Zhang, 2019, Removal of selenite from artificial wastewater with high salinity by activated sludge in aerobic sequencing batch reactors, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 127, 618, 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.11.002 Zhang, 2008, Bacterial reduction of selenate to elemental selenium utilizing molasses as a carbon source, Bioresour. Technol., 99, 1267, 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.02.048 Zheng, 2014, Selenite reduction by the obligate aerobic bacterium Comamonas testosterone S44 isolated from a metal-contaminated soil, BMC Microbiol., 14, 1, 10.1186/s12866-014-0204-8 Zhou, 2017, Effects of selenite on Microcystis aeruginosa: growth, microcystin production and its relationship to toxicity under hypersalinity and copper sulfate stresses, Environ. Pollut., 223, 535, 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.056