Review on Methylene Blue: Its Properties, Uses, Toxicity and Photodegradation

MDPI AG - Tập 14 Số 2 - Trang 242
Idrees Khan1, Khalid Saeed2, Ivar Zekker3, Baoliang Zhang1, Abdulmajeed Hendi4, Ashfaq Ahmad5, Shujaat Ahmad6, Noor Zada7, Hanif Ahmad7, Luqman Ali Shah8, Tariq Shah1, Ibrahim Khan9
1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
2Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
3Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, Estonia
4Physics Department & IRC-Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
5Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, 18050, Pakistan
7Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
8National Center of Excellence in Physical Chemistry (NCE), University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
9School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea

Tóm tắt

The unavailability of clean drinking water is one of the significant health issues in modern times. Industrial dyes are one of the dominant chemicals that make water unfit for drinking. Among these dyes, methylene blue (MB) is toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable and can cause a severe threat to human health and environmental safety. It is usually released in natural water sources, which becomes a health threat to human beings and living organisms. Hence, there is a need to develop an environmentally friendly, efficient technology for removing MB from wastewater. Photodegradation is an advanced oxidation process widely used for MB removal. It has the advantages of complete mineralization of dye into simple and nontoxic species with the potential to decrease the processing cost. This review provides a tutorial basis for the readers working in the dye degradation research area. We not only covered the basic principles of the process but also provided a wide range of previously published work on advanced photocatalytic systems (single-component and multi-component photocatalysts). Our study has focused on critical parameters that can affect the photodegradation rate of MB, such as photocatalyst type and loading, irradiation reaction time, pH of reaction media, initial concentration of dye, radical scavengers and oxidising agents. The photodegradation mechanism, reaction pathways, intermediate products, and final products of MB are also summarized. An overview of the future perspectives to utilize MB at an industrial scale is also provided. This paper identifies strategies for the development of effective MB photodegradation systems.

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